Sustained-release ketamine-loaded lipid-particulate system: in vivo assessment in mice

Nanoencapsulation of general anaesthetics

“…A complete release of ketamine was achieved under 8 h, but the half-life of ketamine in vivo was 23.97 h in comparison to the commercial ketamine of 0.6 (ref. 37) and 0.88 h. 54,55 The liposomes were found mostly in liver, brain, and kidneys and the ketamine concentration in serum was within detectable limits even aer 5 days. 54 However, analgesic effectiveness, onset and duration of LORR, and haemolysis data were not reported.…”

“…37) and 0.88 h. 54,55 The liposomes were found mostly in liver, brain, and kidneys and the ketamine concentration in serum was within detectable limits even aer 5 days. 54 However, analgesic effectiveness, onset and duration of LORR, and haemolysis data were not reported.…”

“…The analgesic effect is also important as ketamine is known to regulate morphine and its analogues tolerances in the central nervous system. However, it is a lipophilic drug with very limited water solubility (1 mg mL −1 of 5% dextrose or 0.9% saline) and hence low bioavailability in circulation with a half-life of 0.66-0.8 h. 53,54 Studies that investigated ketamine focused more on pain relief rather than loss of consciousness and used intrathecal route of administration to bypass the blood-brain barrier and avoid complications that may occur upon intravenous administration of nanoparticles. Details of studies which investigated nanoencapsulation of ketamine are presented in Table 3.…”