Sustained impact of energy-dense TV and online food advertising on children’s dietary intake: a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counter-balanced trial

Norman, Jennifer; Kelly, Bridget; McMahon, Anne; Boyland, Emma; Baur, Louise A.; Chapman, Kathy; King, Lesley; Hughes, Clare; Bauman, Adrian

doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0672-6

Cited by 82 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Children's additional kcal intake in response to acute food-marketing exposure is not compensated for at later eating occasions, and so marketing-driven overconsumption would, in time, lead to weight gain. 18 This study had some limitations. First, all children were exposed to the same 2 influencers, and individual differences that may have moderated endorser effects, such as perceived similarity, familiarity, and likeability, 58 could not be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The Internet is now a major platform for food marketing, 15 and recent studies suggest that digital marketing may have similar effects to that of television. [15][16][17][18][19] Research has also demonstrated a "beyond-brand" effect of digital food marketing whereby irrespective of the healthfulness of a cue, children's subsequent overall food intake increases. 20,21 Children's digital media (online content) consumption is growing rapidly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children’s Food Intake: A Randomized Trial

et al. 2019

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OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of social media influencer marketing of foods (healthy and unhealthy) on children's food intake. METHODS:In a between-subjects design, 176 children (9-11 years, mean 10.5 6 0.7 years) were randomly assigned to view mock Instagram profiles of 2 popular YouTube video bloggers (influencers). Profiles featured images of the influencers with unhealthy snacks (participants: n = 58), healthy snacks (n = 59), or nonfood products (n = 59). Subsequently, participants' ad libitum intake of unhealthy snacks, healthy snacks, and overall intake (combined intake of healthy and unhealthy snacks) were measured.RESULTS: Children who viewed influencers with unhealthy snacks had significantly increased overall intake (448.3 kilocalories [kcals]; P = .001), and significantly increased intake of unhealthy snacks specifically (388.8 kcals; P = .001), compared with children who viewed influencers with nonfood products (357.1 and 292.2 kcals, respectively). Viewing influencers with healthy snacks did not significantly affect intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children’s Food Intake: A Randomized Trial

et al. 2019

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“…The literature indicates that when children consume a greater amount of snack food following acute food advertising exposure (via both TV and the Internet), this additional intake is not compensated for at a later lunch meal. 58 Cohort studies indicate that an energy gap of 69 to 77 kcal per day is all that is required for a child to become overweight. 59 In the current study, children exposed to influencer food marketing with an advertising disclosure consumed 41% kcal more of the marketed snack compared with the control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of influencer marketing of food and a “protective” advertising disclosure on children's food intake

et al. 2019

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Summary Background Children are active on social media and consequently are exposed to new and subtle forms of food marketing. Objectives To examine whether exposure to a YouTube video featuring influencer marketing of an unhealthy snack affects children's ad libitum snack intake and whether inclusion of an advertising disclosure moderates this effect. Methods In a randomized between‐subjects design, 151 children (aged 9‐11 y; mean, 10.32 y ± 0.6) were exposed to influencer marketing of a non‐food product (n = 51), or an unhealthy snack with (n = 50) or without (n = 50) an advertising disclosure. Participants' ad libitum intake of the marketed snack and an alternative brand of the same snack was measured. Results Children exposed to food marketing with (P < .001, d = 1.40) and without (P < .001, d = 1.07) a disclosure consumed more (kcals) of the marketed snack relative to the alternative; the control did not differ (.186, d = 0.45). Consumption of the alterative brand did not differ across conditions (.287, ηp2 = .02). Children who viewed food marketing with a disclosure (and not those without) consumed 41% more of the marketed snack (.004, ηp2 = .06), compared with control. Conclusions Influencer marketing increases children's immediate intake of the promoted snack relative to an alternative brand. Advertising disclosures may enhance the effect.

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“…Data from healthy food adverts and no advergame control data were excluded; data for advergames with food adverts/nonfood adverts with a protective message intervention were excluded . Data for combined media (the effect of TV adverts with advergame) were excluded since the effect was inconsistent for TV or advergame analyses …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

2018

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Summary Evidence indicates that screen advertising for unhealthy food results in significant increases in dietary intake among children. This review was undertaken with the main aim of estimating the quantitative effect of screen advertising in experimental and nonexperimental conditions on children's dietary intake. Systematic searches were undertaken of interdisciplinary databases. Studies from 1980 to April 2018, all geography and languages, were included; participants were children and adolescents aged between 2 and 18 years; the intervention was screen advertising; and the outcome was dietary intake. Meta‐analyses were conducted for measured and nonmeasured outcomes. Food advertising was found to increase dietary intake among children (age range 2‐14, mean 8.8 years) in experimental conditions for television (TV) advertising and advergames. Meta‐analysis revealed that children exposed to food advertising on TV (11 studies) and advergames (five studies) respectively consumed an average 60.0 kcal (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1‐116.9) and 53.2 kcal (95% CI, 31.5‐74.9) more than children exposed to nonfood advertising. There was also an effect by body mass index (BMI). Findings from nonexperimental studies revealed that exposure to TV food advertising was positively associated with and predictive of dietary intake in children. Short‐term exposure to unhealthy food advertising on TV and advergames increases immediate calorie consumption in children.

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Sustained impact of energy-dense TV and online food advertising on children’s dietary intake: a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counter-balanced trial

Cited by 82 publications

References 52 publications

Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children’s Food Intake: A Randomized Trial

Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children’s Food Intake: A Randomized Trial

The effect of influencer marketing of food and a “protective” advertising disclosure on children's food intake

The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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