Sustained Food Vacuole Formation by Axenic Paramecium tetraurelia and the Inhibition of Membrane Recycling by Alcian Blue

Abstract

It is believed that the uptake mechanism of some nutrients by Paramecium tetraurelia primarily involves transport through the cell surface, whereas the uptake of other compounds appears to be restricted to bulk transport during food vacuole (phagosome) formation. In this study, we established that, in axenically grown cells, food vacuole formation occurred at continuous rates over long periods. This information allows quantitation of the volume of media taken up by bulk transport. India ink and latex beads were shown to be inert food vacuole markers and carmine was found to have an initial stimulatory effect on phagosome formation rates. Cultures grown for 3.5 h or longer with the glycocalyx stain Alcian Blue, contained only three phagosomes/cell, whereas cells cultured with the other markers contained 15 phagosomes/cell. Electron microscopy of fecal material that accumulated at the bottom of Alcian Blue-grown cells demonstrated the presence of membranes, suggesting that the vacuolar membrane was eliminated during defecation. Neither cell lysis nor the formation of autophagous vacuoles was detected in Alcian Blue-grown cells, indicating that the stain was not cytotoxic at the concentrations used. Thus it appeared that the binding of Alcian Blue to the digestive vacuole membrane resulted in a loss of the vacuole membranes from the cell which reduced the amount of membranes retrieved and recycled and hence eventually reduced the rate of phagosome formation. Alcian Blue-treated cultures exhibited decreased rate of growth and final density, which is consistent with a decrease in bulk transport of nutrients resulting from reduced membranes of digestive cycle organelles available in the cell.

Immunolabeling analysis of biosynthetic and degradative pathways of cell surface components (glycocalyx) in Paramecium cells

“…These are ph agolysosomes which are delivered to the cytoproct, followed by discharge of spent contents and membrane recycling via "discoidal vesicles" to the nascent food vacuole. Our evidence of the latter pathway is compatible with formation of food vacuales also in the axenic medium [39] we used.…”

Processing of ingested matter in Strombidium sulcatum, a marine ciliate (Oligotrichida)

“…In contrast, Fok and Allen (1990) found that food vacuoles pass though a set of very welldefined stages before becoming "defecation competent." Kaneshiro et al (1992) proposed that fusion of food vacuoles, a phenomenon we have observed (Dolan unpubl. obs.…”