Sustained exercise-trained juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) at a moderate water velocity exhibit improved aerobic swimming performance and increased postprandial metabolic responses

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to examine whether sustained exercise training at four water velocities, i.e. nearly still water (control), 1 body length (BL) s−1, 2 BL s−1 and 4 BL s−1, has effects on swimming performance and digestive metabolism in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). The results demonstrated that fish subjected to sustained training at 2 and 4 BL s−1 showed significantly higher critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) over the control group. Fish subjected to sustained training at 1 and 2 BL s−1 showed a significantly (30 and 54%) prolonged duration, 14 and 17% higher postprandial ṀO2 increment (i.e. ṀO2peak), and 62 and 92% more energy expended on specific dynamic action (SDA), respectively, after consuming a similar meal over fish kept in nearly still water. These results suggest that (1) sustained exercise training at a higher speed (2 or 4 BL s−1) had a positive influence on the aerobic swimming performance of juvenile M. piceus, which may be associated with improved aerobic metabolism; and (2) sustained exercise training at a lower speed (1 or 2 BL s−1) resulted in elevated postprandial metabolic responses in juvenile M. piceus.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Growth, Swimming Performance, Antipredation Ability and Immune Parameters of Juvenile Rock Carp (Procypris rabaudi)

“…Numerous studies have found that appropriate continuous aerobic training can improve the critical swimming speed of many fish, such as common carp [21] trained at 60% U crit speed for 28 days, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) [44] trained at 2 and 4 bl s −1 water velocity for 8 weeks and bream [6] trained at 4 bl s −1 water velocity for 5 weeks. However, this study found that U crit was not significantly different among the control and training groups.…”

Continuous flow stimulation had no significant effect on the growth rate but was conducive to the swimming performance, spontaneous behavior, and nonspecific immune parameter of juvenile Percocypris pingi

“…To date, whether continuous flow stimulation always can improve the aerobic exercise performance (e.g., U crit ) of fish remains controversial and is mainly dependent on the fish species (Davison, 1997; Hou et al, 2022; Li, Pang, et al, 2017; Li et al, 2018; Lu et al, 2020). Some studies found that continuous flow stimulation failed to promote the U crit of fish species, such as leopard shark ( Triakis semifasciata ), chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and rock carp (Gallaugher et al, 2001; Gruber & Dickson, 1997; Hou et al, 2022).…”

“…Some studies found that continuous flow stimulation failed to promote the U crit of fish species, such as leopard shark ( Triakis semifasciata ), chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and rock carp (Gallaugher et al, 2001; Gruber & Dickson, 1997; Hou et al, 2022). However, improved U crit has also been observed in many fish subjected to continuous flow stimulation, such as the striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ), qingbo, common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), bream ( Megalobrama pellegrini ), black carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus ) and Prenant's schizothoracin (He et al, 2013; Li, Pang, et al, 2017; Li et al, 2018; Lu et al, 2020; Young & Cech, 1993; Zhao et al, 2012). In this study, the U crit s of 2 and 4 bl s −1 flow groups increased significantly by 20% and 14% respectively, compared with the control group.…”

“…Anaerobic exercise‐related anaerobic metabolism depletes adenosine triphosphate, glycogen, and phosphocreatine, and consumes energy during postexercise recovery period which generally expressed an excess postexercise oxygen consumption (Cordero et al, 2019; Kieffer, 2000). Many studies have found that the influences of continuous flow stimulation on swimming performance of fish may be positive, negative or absent, which are associated with the regime of exercise training and fish species (Davison, 1997; Hou et al, 2022; Li, Pang, et al, 2017; Li et al, 2018; Lu et al, 2020).…”

Effects of flow velocity on water quality and ammonia excretion in recirculating aquaculture system culturing juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

“…To date, there is no general consensus as to the effects of flow velocity on the swimming and metabolism of fish species. Many of the apparent discrepancies are generally caused by differences in the fish species chosen and the regime of flow rate utilized [35,36] . Therefore, the internal mechanisms that produced the results in this study have to be explored in depth.…”