Sustained effects of an educational program to reduce sales of cigarettes to minors.

Altman, David; Rasenick-Douss, L; Foster, Victoria; Tye, Joe

doi:10.2105/ajph.81.7.891

Cited by 89 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The first of the studies evaluating this approach took place in Santa Clara County, California. Following an intensive six-month effort, purchase success was reduced from 74% to 39%, but six months after the intervention ended, purchase success rebounded to 59% (3,4). A study conducted in San Diego County with a more intensive intervention, including newspaper reports of purchase outcomes, showed a significant reduction in purchase success that was sustained over six months following the end of intervention (80,131).…”

Section: Evidence For Effectiveness Of Youth Access Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO: Policies and Politics

Forster

Wolfson

1998

Annu. Rev. Public Health

123

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The late 1980s marked the beginning of a sea change in research and intervention on tobacco use by young people, when the first studies were published demonstrating the ease with which adolescents could purchase cigarettes. Since then concern with the commercial availability of tobacco products to youth has grown, becoming deeply entrenched in both research and policy efforts. This paper reviews the history of restrictions on youth access to tobacco, the evidence that commercial sources of tobacco are available and important to adolescents, and the rationale for various components of policies to restrict access. We also review the recent expansion of policies addressing youth access to tobacco at all levels of government, the tobacco industry response to this expansion, and issues that have arisen as this expansion has developed.

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Section: Evidence For Effectiveness Of Youth Access Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO: Policies and Politics

Forster

Wolfson

1998

Annu. Rev. Public Health

123

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“…Another study found that any short-term gain as a result of intervention is unlikely to be sustained. 16 These intervention studies aiming to reduce the sale of cigarettes to minors, however, have methodological weaknesses that limit the interpretation of their findings. These include the lack of a control g r o u~,~~~~, '~ lack of a pre test,I7 and inadequate ~a m p l i n g .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventions with retailers to reduce cigarette sales to minors: a randomised controlled trial

Schofield

Sanson‐Fisher

Gulliver

1997

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Abstract:We aimed to determine the relative effectiveness of an education intervention and a threat-of-enforcemen t intervention in reducing sales of cigarettes to under-age youth by randomly allocating 300 retailers in a nonmetropolitan region of New South Wales to: a control group with no intervention; a minimal-intervention group, which received an educational letter; and a maximal-intervention group, which received a threat of enforcement followed by a visit from a public health officer. Retailers were checked for compliance at pretest and post-test, six months apart, by twelve 18-year-olds who were judged by independent raters to look younger. The retailers were surveyed by telephone at both times for knowledge, attitudes and self-reported sales practices. Neither intervention achieved significant improvements for the two key behavioural outcomes: requiring proof of age and display of a warning sign. Neither was there an intervention effect on knowledge about the law. The greatest improvement in the proportion of retailers who believed that the legal age should be 18 or over was in the minimal-intervention group, and both intervention groups were less likely than the control group at post-test to think that it was acceptable to sell to a person who was nearly 18. There was poor overall compliance with the revised legislation at pre-test. The finding of a pretest-to-post-test improvement but no differential intervention effect highlights the methodological difficulties of such research. The interventions may, however, have been partly successful in modifymg the attitudes of retailers. (Aust N 2 JPublic Health 1997; 21: 590-6) recent Australian study found that the prevalence of smoking among 15-and 16-year-old

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“…Few states emulated their successful peers, opting instead to rely upon educational approaches that had previously failed. 20 Many states took in far more revenue from underage sales than they spent on enforcement. 21 States that enacted laws that protected lawbreaking merchants from prosecution often adopted Although merchant education may be important to achieving very low violation rates, it appears to be inadequate as a sole strategy.…”

Section: Enforcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was ill advised, as previous attempts to maintain low violation rates without issuing penalties had failed. 20 It could be argued that existing data were limited and states should be free to experiment with alternatives. However, in the end, no state achieved the 20% goal without punishing lawbreakers.…”

Section: Lowering the Goal Posts By Renegotiating Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The federal initiative to halt the sale of tobacco to children—the Synar Amendment, 1992–2000: lessons learned

DiFranza

2005

Tob Control

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BACKGROUND: The Synar Amendment was enacted by the US Congress in 1992 to require states and territories to establish and enforce laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors. OBJECTIVE: To describe state and federal efforts to comply with the Synar mandate. METHODS: State and federal actions were examined for the eight years following enactment. DATA SOURCES: Federal documents from 1992-2003, annual block grant applications from 59 states and territories describing activities during federal fiscal years 1995-2000. MEASURES: Whether applicants made a good faith effort to comply by enacting a law, enforcing it with inspections and penalties, conducting a valid survey and meeting violation rate targets set by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). RESULTS: Between 1996 and 2000, 26 states had made a good faith effort to comply with Synar every year. In 2000, 57 jurisdictions (excluding Maryland and Montana) had established laws without loopholes, 57 conducted a valid survey, and 54 actively enforced their laws. By 2002, violation rates had dropped substantially everywhere but Alaska and a few small territories. No state reached the violation rate goal of 20% without penalising violators. CONCLUSIONS: The Synar Amendment has resulted in the universal adoption of laws prohibiting tobacco sales to minors and almost universal enforcement of those laws, resulting in dramatically reduced violation rates. Implementation was slowed significantly by a lack of good faith effort in many states and by DHHS\u27s decision not to require states to enforce their laws by penalising lawbreakers

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Sustained effects of an educational program to reduce sales of cigarettes to minors.

Cited by 89 publications

References 13 publications

YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO: Policies and Politics

YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO: Policies and Politics

Interventions with retailers to reduce cigarette sales to minors: a randomised controlled trial

The federal initiative to halt the sale of tobacco to children—the Synar Amendment, 1992–2000: lessons learned

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