“…Electroactive bacteria that perform extracellular electron transfer (EET) to/from electrodes show great potential for applications in the fields of energy and environmental sustainability, including power generation from wastewater, bioremediation, chemical production, and amperometric biosensors. 1 , 2 With increasing demand for commercialization, 3 various strategies are being adopted to improve and optimize the performance of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), including reactor configurations and varying operating conditions, electrode material development, and additives based on fundamental EET mechanisms. 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 However, understanding the complexity of BESs, which includes elucidation of the interactions between different impactful parameters ( Figure 1 A) and control of microbial electrochemical catalysis, requires breakthroughs at the scientific and engineering levels.…”