Sustainable use of organic resources for bioenergy, food and water provision in rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

reported the effect of exercise on pain in PD were identified, though pain was not the focus of the intervention in either trial. One reported a trend towards a reduction in pain, and the other reported a reduction in the presence and intensity of pain following exercise. However, these results do not indicate if exercise targets particular subtypes of pain. Conclusion(s):The neurophysiological effects of exercise such as neuroplasticity, neuro-restoration and activation of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic pain inhibition provide a sound biological rationale for employing exercise in pain management. However, randomised controlled trials of exercise interventions for people with PD are required to determine if exercise results in a clinical reduction in pain in this population.Implications: Therapists should consider assessing people with PD for pain and monitoring any changes in pain in response to exercise interventions.

Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low- and middle-income settings

“…Rapid carbon turnover (3-5 times faster than in temperate regions) and extraction, decreasing nutrient retention and water storage capacity, and decreasing erosion resistance are highlighting the need of carbon and plant nutrient replenishment. This can be achieved by recycling organic waste into agriculture (Smith et al 2015).…”

“…However, degradation may also cause a nitrogen competition in soil, when the microbial population outcompetes the crop in the use of nitrogen for their own metabolism, with the result that the crop shows signs of nitrogen deficiency. Smith et al (2015) estimate that untreated waste application results in a 66% decrease of the nitrogen available for crop growth. On the other hand, raw biowaste consisting of very nutrient rich materials may result in leaching of nutrients into groundwater or surface water or the volatilization as ammonia.…”

“…As waste is likely to contain a certain level of pathogens or trace elements, these can bio-accumulate in plants and soil (Olowolafe 2008). This may result in health threats from food contamination or pollution of water courses from runoff (Smith et al 2015). According to Dulac (2001), landspreading of raw organic matter is specifically beneficial for degraded soils in arid areas.…”

“…On the downside, however, uncontrolled open burning without use of an adequate stack, duct or chimney may directly emit harmful combustion products into the local environment (Estrellan and Iino 2010). This waste management technique is unfortunately one of the primary practices applied in low-and middle-income settings worldwide as it requires very little technical knowledge and minimal costs, and is the easiest way to get rid of litter which was not collected (Smith et al 2015;UNEP 2007 Critical review of challenges and trends in low-and middle-income settings Open burning is not considered an acceptable solid waste management although it is still widely practiced in urban low-and middleincome settings. It poses a substantial threat to human and environmental health from emissions of mixed waste burning and/or incomplete combustion.…”

Potential Energy Production from Citrus Pulp and Olive Pomace: A Case Study in a Region of Mediterranean Basin

“…(AD) technology to treat agricultural wastes and biomass for biogas production, was widely 57 investigated [12,13]. In this regard, many studies have been conducted to improve digestion 58 efficiency and enhance its economic performance, such as designing of new reactor configurations to 59 better digest different feedstocks [14], or running co-digestion to improve biogas production [15], or 60 upgrading raw biogas to high-quality fuels [16].…”