“…For Piecyk & McKinnon (2010), transportation is the main source of secondary carbon emissions. These carbon emissions can be significantly reduced by the selection of the transportation mode (Hoen et al, 2014;Bouchery et al, 2016), freight management (Rudi et al, 2016), routing decisions (Validi et al, 2014;Glock & Kim, 2015;Kumar et al, 2016;Suzuki, 2016;Qiu et al, 2017), load consolidation (Brown & Guiffrida, 2014;Van Loon et al, 2015) choice of location (Lam et al, 2010;Rao et al, 2015;Musavi & Bozorgi-Amiri, 2017), logistic outsourcing (Ameknassi et al, 2016;Li et al, 2017) and energy conservation (Müller et al, 2014).…”