Sustainable Synthesis and Characterization of Tunable and Multipurpose Nanocellulose From Freshwater Aquatic Weed as Pharmaceutical Excipient

Abstract

Objective: The main objective of this work was to understand the basic properties of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) that can be useful as a novel excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. This covers the isolation and preparation of nanocellulose followed by characterization. Methods: Cellulose was isolated from aquatic weed by autoclaving and bleaching. Cellulose to CNC conversion involved gluconic acid treatments at different concentrations (40%, 50% and 60%) followed by centrifugation and neutralization. CNC was further characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for surface morphology, elemental analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), crystallinity index by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and optical microscopy. Results: Acid concentration affects the moisture uptake, particle size, and yield of CNC. CNC size ranged from 350 nm to 900 nm with a crystallinity index 80% to 85%. Moisture uptake was 6.38±0.12% at 33% relative humidity. DSC and TGA established thermal stability over 200 °C. Nanocellulose has shown Angle of repose (28.81°), Carrs index (12.32), zeta potential (33mV) values and heavy metals within pharmacopoeial limits. Conclusion: CNC from water hyacinth was prepared successfully by sustainable process. CNC physico-chemical characterization revealed the stable nature of CNC, suitable to be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.

Development of Mycrocrystalline Cellulose Originate From Sago (Metroxylon Sagu) Stem Bark by Hydrolisis Methode Using Nitric Acid

“…Furthermore, alkaline heating was carried out by boiling the fibers in a solution of NaOH 25% until brown cellulose pulp was obtained which means that the pulp was perfectly released of lignin from the sample. NaOH can damage the lignin structure and cause bulging of the cellulose structure, which opens the cellulose pores so that unwanted impurities come out [32,33]. Furthermore, bleaching was carried out to remove the remaining lignin so that white pulp could formed.…”

“…This was due to the complete degradation process or decomposition of alpha-cellulose and hemicellulose of sago stem fibers. The acid component breaks the alpha and beta bond chains of cellulose into monomers of a single sugar, namely glucose (cellulose is composed of monosaccharides, including glucose with alpha and beta bond) [33].…”

“…Glucose molecules are linked via beta-glucoside bonds. Strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed from cellulose polymers and aggregate chains that are close to the crystalline structure that makes up microcrystalline cellulose [33].…”