Sustainable production of recycled rubber waste composites with various epoxy systems: A comparative study on mechanical and thermal properties

Turkben, M.; Kocaman, Süheyla; Özmeral, Nimet; Soydal, Ülkü; Cerit, Alaaddin; Ahmetli, Gülnare

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116490

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In addition, a uniform smooth epoxy surface shows a fragile structure feature (Figure 5a). 36,37 Moreover, Figure 5b-h shows that all the fillers used increased the fracture surface roughness. This means that the crack path, which can occur due to CLM and other flame retardant particles, is disrupted, making crack propagation more difficult.…”

Section: Semmentioning

confidence: 89%

Halogen‐free boron‐based hybrid system for enhancing flame retardancy, mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy

Kocaman,

Temiz,

Işık

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study aims to increase the flame retardancy of epoxy‐based composites by using various flame retardants together with colemanite filler (CLM), which is a very mineral‐rich boron type. As a flame retardant, aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and boron‐containing compounds: borax (BRX) and natural minerals (tincal (TNC) and colemanite (CLM)), as well as barium metaborate (BaMB) synthesized by us were used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), contact angle (CA), and particle size analysis were used to characterize the composites and additives. All boron compounds increased the thermal stability of the composites. Except for the ER/CLM‐BaMB composite, other composites' surface contact angles were over 90°. In terms of both combustion and thermal properties, the best CLM‐BaMB‐Al(OH)3‐TNC ratio was determined as 15:5:15:15. The tensile strength, self‐extinguishing time, estimated and experimental Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) values for this composite were determined as 96 MPa, 65 s, 29.6%, and 25%, respectively. In addition, ANOVA was applied to determine the effect of hybrid filler type and different weight ratios on the mechanical properties of composites.

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Section: Semmentioning

confidence: 89%

Halogen‐free boron‐based hybrid system for enhancing flame retardancy, mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy

Kocaman,

Temiz,

Işık

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The produced ground tire rubbers (GTRs) are used to improve some properties of polymers, for example, toughening brittle polymers like PS, poly(lactic acid), PLA, [16][17][18] and epoxy. [19][20][21] However, apart from the positive effects on the toughness, the addition of waste rubbers may result in some negative influences on other properties, such as the biodegradability and biocompatibility of PLA and the mechanical strength of epoxy. 19 Generally, the weak bonding between waste rubber and polymer matrices resulted in low mechanical strength and low durability of produced compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this process, the size of rubber particles is reduced, and their surface area is increased. The produced ground tire rubbers (GTRs) are used to improve some properties of polymers, for example, toughening brittle polymers like PS, poly(lactic acid), PLA, 16–18 and epoxy 19–21 . However, apart from the positive effects on the toughness, the addition of waste rubbers may result in some negative influences on other properties, such as the biodegradability and biocompatibility of PLA and the mechanical strength of epoxy 19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on polystyrene/waste rubber blends: Effective parameters on mechanical properties

Khoubi‐Arani

2024

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Polystyrene (PS), as a commercial thermoplastic polymer, suffers from brittleness at low temperatures. Blending with elastomers can resolve this defect. In this regard, waste rubbers from tires, shoes, and other sources are promising candidates for some applications. This approach of waste rubber recycling is an environmental‐friendly and economical method to produce value‐added products. This work aims to comprehensively review all reported cases regarding PS (or high‐impact polystyrene, HIPS, and expanded polystyrene, EPS)/waste rubber blends. The influences of different parameters on the mechanical properties were carefully summarized, including mixing conditions (temperature, mixing time, rotor speed, and mixing sequence), rubber content, rubber particle size, compatibilizer addition, rubber devulcanization, and surface treatment of rubber. Some parameters had a negligible effect on the mechanical properties, such as the rotor speed in the mixing process, while significant influences were observed for some parameters, such as rubber content. The effect of some parameters was remarkable only at low or high rubber loading, such as particle size and solvent‐inducing surface treatment of rubber, respectively. Finally, the effects of aforementioned parameters on tensile and impact strengths were compared and recommendations for future research in this field were suggested.Highlights All reported research regarding PS/waste rubber blends was comprehensively reviewed. All different factors influencing mechanical properties were carefully summarized. The effects of different factors on tensile and impact strengths were compared.

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“…As an effective means to improve the toughness of EPs, various kinds of toughening modifiers were introduced into the EP matrix to form a second phase. For the heterogeneous toughening process, the widely used toughening modifiers include rubbers, , thermoplastics, , core–shell polymers, , liquid crystal polymers, , block polymers (BCPs), , nanomaterials, , and topological structures. , However, the immiscibility between EPs and modifiers will inevitably lead to an opaque curing system with high viscosity, which seriously limited the applications of EPs in the fields of electronic packaging, engineering plastics, coatings, etc. On the other hand, hyperbranched polymers, , biobased materials, , and epoxy prepolymers with flexible segments , are typical modifiers added in homogeneous toughening systems .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Impact Epoxy Resins with Superior Hydrophobicity Toughened by Epoxy Functionalized Poly(olefin-alt-maleimide) Derivatives

Shen,

Chen,

Lin

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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The inherent disadvantages of low toughness and high brittleness severely limit the widespread applications of epoxy resins (EPs), and it is highly desirable to toughen EPs while maintaining their rigidity and thermal properties. Herein, a type of epoxy functionalized poly[1-hexene-alt-N-(2-methoxymethyl oxirane)maleimide] (PHMIEP) was specially designed and synthesized by the self-stabilized precipitation polymerization (2SP) of 1-hexene and maleic anhydride, followed by imidization, hydroxymethylation, and epoxidation. Due to the presence of both rigid cyclic maleimide units and flexible pendant butyl groups, epoxy functionalized PHMIEP can serve as an effective toughening modifier for EPs. With 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent, the EPs with 5 phr PHMIEP showed a record-high impact strength and tensile strength of 54.04 kJ/m 2 and 95.84 MPa, which were 121 and 23% higher than the neat EPs, respectively. Moreover, the PHMIEP-modified EPs exhibited similar thermal stability and glass-transition temperature to those of the neat EPs. More impressively, the resultant EPs showed superior hydrophobicity in comparison to the unmodified EPs due to the incorporation of hydrophobic imide and alkyl segments. Furthermore, in order to reduce the preparation cost, complex olefinic mixtures derived from the cracking product of raffinate oil were used directly to replace 1-hexene. The EPs modified with poly[cracked raffinate oilalt-N-(2-methoxymethyl oxirane)maleimide] (PRMIEP) also showed excellent comprehensive properties. Due to the highly enhanced toughness, higher strength, and comparable thermal stability, the PHMIEP/PRMIEP-toughened EPs demonstrate great potential as a high-performance resin matrix for application in the fields of electronic packaging, coating, and engineering plastics.

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Sustainable production of recycled rubber waste composites with various epoxy systems: A comparative study on mechanical and thermal properties

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

Halogen‐free boron‐based hybrid system for enhancing flame retardancy, mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy

Halogen‐free boron‐based hybrid system for enhancing flame retardancy, mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy

A comprehensive review on polystyrene/waste rubber blends: Effective parameters on mechanical properties

High-Impact Epoxy Resins with Superior Hydrophobicity Toughened by Epoxy Functionalized Poly(olefin-alt-maleimide) Derivatives

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