Sustainable Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Whelan, Jay; Hardy, Ronald W.; Wilkes, Richard S.; Valentin, Henry E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55262-5_7

Cited by 2 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…To test this concept, we generated a rodent diet (control/background diet) based on the micronutrient distribution in the AIN93G diet, and a macronutrient energy distribution equivalent to the US diet (50% carbohydrate, 34% fat, 16% protein) (Table 3) [33,34]. (Note: The High-ALA background diet was slightly different because the macronutrient distribution originally used the protein levels in the AIN93G diet [16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note: Reproduced with modifications from reference [24] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licenses (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 2.0) and with permission of the author. phospholipid fatty acid composition in plasma and erythrocytes in mice and humans [2,33]. (Note: Only the plasma data is presented here because of the larger human database, but the results in erythrocytes are comparable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of increasing dietary levels of ALA (squares) or EPA (diamonds) in humans on changes in plasma/serum phospholipid EPA levels are presented in Fig. 2 and the equations of those plots are y = 41.64log(x)+58.84 for supplementation with ALA, and y = 108.31log(x)+378.19 for supplementation with EPA [33]. The effects of increasing dietary levels of ALA (squares) or DHA (diamonds) in humans on changes in plasma/serum phospholipid DHA levels are presented in Fig.…”

Section: Supplementation With N-3 Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of increasing dietary levels of ALA (squares) or DHA (diamonds) in humans on changes in plasma/serum phospholipid DHA levels are presented in Fig. 3 and the equation for the changes in tissue DHA levels following increases in DHA in the human diets is y = 17.08log(x) +83.76 [33].…”

Section: Supplementation With N-3 Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6). Therefore, when evaluating the biological effects of ALA through dietary manipulation, tissue DHA levels should not appreciably change if translational validity is of interest (as discussed elsewhere [3,22,33]).…”

Section: Supplementation With N-3 Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion of dietary polyunsaturated fats between humans and rodents: A review of allometric scaling models

Whelan

2020

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

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The purpose of this research was to explore various allometric scaling models for dietary nutrients to improve translational validity between preclinical experimental rodent models and humans, focusing on polyunsaturated fats. Currently, there is no authoritative document that provides standardized guidelines for which dietary designs can be based on to improve translational fidelity between species. This paper reviews the challenges of using a rodent model, the major allometric scaling models, the use of these mathematical models to extrapolate human equivalent doses, and then tests one of these models using data generated in mice, with comparisons of data generated in human clinical trials. Mice were fed diets containing micro-and macronutrient compositions that approximated the US diet based on energy distribution and were then supplemented with increasing levels of various n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids at human equivalent doses. Changes in plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid phospholipid compositions were determined and compared to corresponding data generated in humans. Our findings suggest that basing lipid composition on percent of energy may result in comparable outcomes between mice and humans and that extrapolation of non-energy producing nutrients between species might be done using differences in energy needs (based on food intake). N-6 and N-3 family of PUFAsLinoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) is the major PUFA in the diet and is found in most commonly consumed foods [1]. It can be metabolized to arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6), the precursor to hundreds of biologically active eicosanoids. These downstream derivatives, when chronically overproduced, are linked to a variety of chronic diseases and conditions such as inflammation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Tissue levels of AA are highly regulated, such that, modifying

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Supplementation With N-3 Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Supplementation With N-3 Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Supplementation With N-3 Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion of dietary polyunsaturated fats between humans and rodents: A review of allometric scaling models

Whelan

2020

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

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Lost in Translation: Allometric scaling of bioactive dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids

Whelan¹

2017

FFHD

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Background: Experimental animal models are the primary tool to test nutritional intervention strategies for health promotion and prevention and/or treatment of human diseases. These kinds of experiments test hypotheses that otherwise could not be done in humans. These models generate data important for pre-clinical screening purposes; however, their ability to predict human responses has been disappointing, particularly when it comes to dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Many times, it is difficult to recapitulate the data as a result of diet between pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials, in part, because we lack fundamental understanding as to how to effectively translate diet between species. The diets in experiments using rodent models are preferentially designed to generate positive results (i.e., perform a dose response and pick the dose that works) with little thought on applicability to humans. As such, the levels of n-3 and n-6 PUFA used in rodent diets are typically on the extreme and rarely justified. A search of the literature reveals no guidelines establishing appropriate levels for the use of PUFA in rodent diets, although extrapolation to human conditions is quite common despite being inappropriate. The goal of this paper is to examine allometric scaling models between species for dietary PUFA using similar endpoints with the hypothesis that equivalent physiological changes in rodents and humans support the mathematical model. Keywords:, alpha-linolenic acid, allometric scaling, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid, n-6, n-3, plasma fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids

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Sustainable Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Cited by 2 publications

References 144 publications

Conversion of dietary polyunsaturated fats between humans and rodents: A review of allometric scaling models

Conversion of dietary polyunsaturated fats between humans and rodents: A review of allometric scaling models

Lost in Translation: Allometric scaling of bioactive dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids

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