Sustainable Photopolymers in 3D Printing: A Review on Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recyclable Alternatives

Voet, Vincent S. D.; Guit, Jarno; Loos, Katja

doi:10.1002/marc.202000475

Cited by 135 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“… 1005 Lastly, photoprinting technology and laser sintering are approaches that can use biopolymeric derivatives together with photoactivation, to cross-link the printed element, or with laser heating, to fuse the powder bed ( Figure 39 c,d). 1006 As additive manufacturing progresses and becomes a more established form of manufacturing, one can expect biopolymeric materials to introduce unique opportunities in this field. For instance, the anisometry of the deconstructed biocolloids enables swelling and responsive morphing into predesigned shapes.…”

Section: Formation Of Multiscale Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials

et al. 2021

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This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.

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Section: Formation Of Multiscale Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials

et al. 2021

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“…Being liquids with the possibility to be epoxidized, acrylated, or thiolated, vegetable oils are being made reactive under UV for many applications [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. More particularly, these vegetable oil derivatives are being used, among other renewable feedstocks, as feeding materials for UV-assisted AM techniques [ 26 ]. A fully biobased ink composed of a mixture acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM) or vanillin diacrylate (VDA) at different ratios was 3D printed under UV without the use of any photoinitiator nor solvent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography

et al. 2021

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Typical resins for UV-assisted additive manufacturing (AM) are prepared from petroleum-based materials and therefore do not contribute to the growing AM industry trend of converting to sustainable bio-based materials. To satisfy society and industry’s demand for sustainability, renewable feedstocks must be explored; unfortunately, there are not many options that are applicable to photopolymerization. Nevertheless, some vegetable oils can be modified to be suitable for UV-assisted AM technologies. In this work, extended study, through FTIR and photorheology measurements, of the UV-curing of epoxidized acrylate from soybean oil (AESO)-based formulations has been performed to better understand the photopolymerization process. The study demonstrates that the addition of appropriate functional comonomers like trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and the adjusting of the concentration of photoinitiator from 1% to 7% decrease the needed UV-irradiation time by up to 25%. Under optimized conditions, the optimal curing time was about 4 s, leading to a double bond conversion rate (DBC%) up to 80% and higher crosslinking density determined by the Flory–Rehner empirical approach. Thermal and mechanical properties were also investigated via TGA and DMA measurements that showed significant improvements of mechanical performances for all formulations. The properties were improved further upon the addition of the reactive diluents. After the thorough investigations, the prepared vegetable oil-based resin ink formulations containing reactive diluents were deemed suitable inks for UV-assisted AM, giving their appropriate viscosity. The validation was done by printing different objects with complex structures using a laser based stereolithography apparatus (SLA) printer.

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“…A cardanol-based methacrylate monomer, from here on simply called cardanol methacrylate (CM), was derived from cardanol ( Figure 1 ) with the one-pot, two-step synthesis described in [ 7 ]. For the synthesis, Cardanol NX2026 containing 1% cardol was kindly supplied by Cardolite; ethylene carbonate (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France), triethylamine (99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France), methacrylic anhydride (94%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France), ethyl acetate (>99%, VWR, Rosny sous bois, France), and sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 , >99%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France), were used as received; dichloromethane was dried with molecular sieves (4 Å, 2.5–5.0 mm beads (4–8 Mesh), Fisher Chemical, Illkirch, France) and kept under N 2 before use; deionized water (1 μS cm −1 ) was obtained using a D8 ion exchange demineralizer (A2E Affinage de L’Eau, Mauguio, France).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the various biobased monomers explored for this application are those derived from vegetable oils such as soybean or linseed oils, from lignin such as vanillin or eugenol, from terpenes, from itaconic acid and succinic acid, etc. [ 6 , 7 ]. UV and two-photon polymerization of biocompatible and appropriately functionalized biobased monomers and oligomers derived from fatty acids, polylactic acid, alginate microgel, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and gelatin, were, e.g., used for injectable viscous materials for implants and hydrogels [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biobased Composites by Photoinduced Polymerization of Cardanol Methacrylate with Microfibrillated Cellulose

Vitale

Molina‐Gutiérrez

et al. 2022

Materials

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Biobased monomers and green processes are key to producing sustainable materials. Cardanol, an aromatic compound obtained from cashew nut shells, may be conveniently functionalized, e.g., with epoxy or (meth)acrylate groups, to replace petroleum-based monomers. Photoinduced polymerization is recognized as a sustainable process, less energy intensive than thermal curing; however, cardanol-based UV-cured polymers have relatively low thermomechanical properties, making them mostly suitable as reactive diluents or in non-structural applications such as coatings. It is therefore convenient to combine them with biobased reinforcements, such as microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), to obtain composites with good mechanical properties. In this work a cardanol-based methacrylate monomer was photopolymerized in the presence of MFC to yield self-standing, flexible, and relatively transparent films with high thermal stability. The polymerization process was completed within few minutes even in the presence of filler, and the cellulosic filler was not affected by the photopolymerization process.

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Sustainable Photopolymers in 3D Printing: A Review on Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recyclable Alternatives

Cited by 135 publications

References 86 publications

Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials

Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials

UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography

Biobased Composites by Photoinduced Polymerization of Cardanol Methacrylate with Microfibrillated Cellulose

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