Sustainable one-pot process for the production of cellulose nanofiber and polyethylene / cellulose nanofiber composites

Yasim-Anuar, Tengku Arisyah Tengku; Ariffin, Hidayah; Norrrahim, Mohd Nor Faiz; Hassan, Mohd Ali; Tsukegi, Takayuki; Nishida, Haruo

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.266

Cited by 65 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…which I total and I am are the intensity of highest peak in crystalline region and amorphous region, respectively [40,41]. For example, in this study the I total for highest crystalline peak was approximately at 2θ = 22 while I am was at about 2θ = 21, representing the peak of the amorphous point.…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysismentioning

confidence: 55%

Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite

et al. 2021

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The major hurdle in melt-processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nanocomposite lies on the high melt viscosity of the UHMWPE, which may contribute to poor dispersion and distribution of the nanofiller. In this study, UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (UHMWPE/CNF) bionanocomposites were prepared by two different blending methods: (i) melt blending at 150 °C in a triple screw kneading extruder, and (ii) non-melt blending by ethanol mixing at room temperature. Results showed that melt-processing of UHMWPE without CNF (MB-UHMWPE/0) exhibited an increment in yield strength and Young’s modulus by 15% and 25%, respectively, compared to the Neat-UHMWPE. Tensile strength was however reduced by almost half. Ethanol mixed sample without CNF (EM-UHMWPE/0) on the other hand showed slight decrement in all mechanical properties tested. At 0.5% CNF inclusion, the mechanical properties of melt-blended bionanocomposites (MB-UHMWPE/0.5) were improved as compared to Neat-UHMWPE. It was also found that the yield strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, toughness and crystallinity of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 were higher by 28%, 61%, 47%, 45% and 11%, respectively, as compared to the ethanol mixing sample (EM-UHMWPE/0.5). Despite the reduction in tensile strength of MB-UHMWPE/0.5, the value i.e., 28.4 ± 1.0 MPa surpassed the minimum requirement of standard specification for fabricated UHMWPE in surgical implant application. Overall, melt-blending processing is more suitable for the preparation of UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites as exhibited by their characteristics presented herein. A better mechanical interlocking between UHMWPE and CNF at high temperature mixing with kneading was evident through FE-SEM observation, explains the higher mechanical properties of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 as compared to EM-UHMWPE/0.5.

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Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysismentioning

confidence: 55%

Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite

et al. 2021

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“…Nevertheless, the use of high temperature (190 °C) led to CNF agglomeration, as evidenced through SEM-EDS analysis, as shown in Figure 3 c. The accumulation of white dots, representing oxygen element which uniquely belongs to CNF in the SEM-EDS images, indicated the presence of CNF agglomeration within the polymer matrix [ 31 , 38 , 39 ]. At temperatures 150 °C and 170 °C, the CNF was seen to be well distributed without the presence of agglomeration ( Figure 3 a,b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of agglomeration restricted interfacial properties between the polymer matrix and filler, thus inhibiting the efficient stress transfer when the load was applied. The resulted inefficient stress transfer caused uneven stress distribution, eventually leading to crack or debonding [ 31 , 42 ]. In the event of increased applied load, uneven stress distribution or high-stress concentration onto agglomerates would turn it into crack initiation sites [ 43 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mechanical properties of the samples were analyzed using a compact tensile and compression tester IMC-18E0 (Imoto Machinery Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). Tensile strength, yield strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus were performed on ASTM D638-02 tensile specimen at 50 mm min −1 crosshead speed, while flexural strength and flexural modulus were conducted at 10 mm min −1 speed ( n = 8) [ 31 , 38 ]. The mechanical properties of fabricated bionanocomposites, after validation experiment, were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple range test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instant, adoption of face-centered central composite design, the process optimization of cellulose nanofiber has been widely reported [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Aside from processing parameters, it is also worth noting that the utilization of compatibilizer, such as maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene (MAPE), is effective in enhancing filler-matrix interaction in composites [ 30 , 31 ]. Nevertheless, the incorporation of MAPE in UHMWPE blends for improving the rheological properties of the polymer, exhibiting a reverse effect on the mechanical properties of the polymer [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process Optimization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposites in Triple Screw Kneading Extruder by Response Surface Methodology

et al. 2020

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Incorporation of nanocellulose could improve wear resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for an artificial joint application. Yet, the extremely high melt viscosity of the polymer may constrict the mixing, leading to fillers agglomeration and poor mechanical properties. This study optimized the processing condition of UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) bionanocomposite fabrication in triple screw kneading extruder by using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of the process parameters—temperature (150–190 °C), rotational speed (30–60 rpm), and mixing time (30–45 min)—on mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites was investigated. Homogenous filler distribution, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, was obtained through the optimal processing condition of 150 °C, 60 rpm, and 45 min. The UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites exhibited improved mechanical properties in terms of Young’s and flexural modulus by 11% and 19%, respectively, as compared to neat UHMWPE. An insignificant effect was observed when maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene (MAPE) was added as compatibilizer. The obtained results proved that homogenous compounding of high melt viscosity UHMWPE with CNF was feasible by optimizing the melt blending processing condition in triple screw kneading extruder, which resulted in improved stiffness, a contributing factor for wear resistance.

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Nanocellulose Reinforced Polypropylene and Polyethylene Composite for Packaging Application

Norrrahim

Yasim-Anuar

Sapuan

et al. 2021

Bio‐based Packaging

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Sustainable one-pot process for the production of cellulose nanofiber and polyethylene / cellulose nanofiber composites

Cited by 65 publications

References 28 publications

Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite

Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite

Process Optimization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposites in Triple Screw Kneading Extruder by Response Surface Methodology

Nanocellulose Reinforced Polypropylene and Polyethylene Composite for Packaging Application

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