Sustainable nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials from biomass derivatives

Zhao, Li; Baccile, Niki; Gross, Silvia; Zhang, Yuanjian; Wei, Wei; Sun, Yahui; Antonietti, Markus; Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.06.040

Cited by 371 publications

(271 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…[45][46][47] Using nitrogen-containing biomass related precursors and treating them hydrothermally yield nitrogencontaining carbonaceous materials that offer different possibilities for further treatments and applications. [48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Another approach is based on a study on the thermal stability of ionic liquids from 2006 in which the potential of nitrile functionalised ionic liquids is indicated, as they do not decompose completely to volatile products under an inert gas. 55 This led to profound and detailed studies on how these ionic liquids can be used as a nitrogen-doped carbon source, ranging from mechanistic and fundamental points of view [56][57][58][59][60] to more application oriented studies, as the derived materials are promising candidates, e.g.…”

Section: Synthetic Routes Towards N-doped Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications

Paraknowitsch

Thomas

2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

1,640

999

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Heteroatom doped carbon materials represent one of the most prominent families of materials that are used in energy related applications, such as fuel cells, batteries, hydrogen storage or supercapacitors. While doping carbons with nitrogen atoms has experienced great progress throughout the past decades and yielded promising material concepts, also other doping candidates have gained the researchers' interest in the last few years. Boron is already relatively widely studied, and as its electronic situation is contrary to the one of nitrogen, codoping carbons with both heteroatoms can probably create synergistic effects. Sulphur and phosphorus have just recently entered the world of carbon synthesis, but already the first studies published prove their potential, especially as electrocatalysts in the cathodic compartment of fuel cells. Due to their size and their electronegativity being lower than those of carbon, structural distortions and changes of the charge densities are induced in the carbon materials. This article is to give a state of the art update on the most recent developments concerning the advanced heteroatom doping of carbon that goes beyond nitrogen. Doped carbon materials and their applications in energy devices are discussed with respect to their boron-, sulphur-and phosphorus-doping. Broader contextThe research and design of novel materials that are applicable in various energy devices represent one of the central and most thriving subjects within today's scientic work. The challenges do not only rely on the tremendous need to overcome traditional fossil fuel based energy recovery. While a lot of sustainable concepts already exist, these require the development of high performance materials that are able to cope with certain challenges, e.g. the dependence on highly expensive and rather not abundantly available noble metals, and also a lack of long term stability of those. Researchers have been carrying out numerous studies concentrating on nding alternative materials that can be applied in novel energy devices. Those alternative materials should most preferably be free of noble metals, avoid expensive precursor systems, be sustainable and not rely on the fossil energy sources that are to be replaced, and of course exhibit high activity in the devices they are designed for. One class of materials in whose development and understanding researchers have put strong effort is heteroatom-doped carbon materials. By heteroatom doping the properties are altered compared to crude carbon materials. The by far most intensely studied doping candidate is nitrogen, capable of not only increasing electric conductivity, but also the catalytic activity of carbons. Such N-doped carbons have advanced tremendously in the past few years, especially by proving their usefulness as electrocatalysts for the reduction of oxygen in fuel cell cathodes, or as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Meanwhile the spectrum of doping has been widened, and novel doped carbons have been reported, indicating the promising pote...

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Section: Synthetic Routes Towards N-doped Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications

Paraknowitsch

Thomas

2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

1,640

999

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“…Titirici and Zhao also prepared nitrogen doped activated carbon from hydrothermal carbons obtained from nitrogen containing precursors using the KOH procedure [27]. These materials were successfully used as electrodes in supercapacitors [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring the porosity of chemically activated hydrothermal carbons: Influence of the precursor and hydrothermal carbonization temperature

Falco

Marco-Lozar

Salinas-Torres

et al. 2013

Carbon

213

131

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Advanced porous materials with tailored porosity (extremely high development of microporosity together with a narrow micropore size distribution (MPSD)) are required in energy and environmental related applications. Lignocellulosic biomass derived HTC carbons are good precursors for the synthesis of activated carbons (ACs) via KOH chemical activation. However, more research is needed in order to tailor the microporosity for those specific applications. In the present work, the influence of the precursor and HTC temperature on the porous properties of the resulting ACs is analyzed, remarking that, regardless of the precursor, highly microporous ACs could be generated. The HTC temperature was found to be an extremely influential parameter affecting the porosity development and the MPSD of the ACs. Tuning of the MPSD of the ACs was achived by modification of the HTC temperature. Promising preliminary results in gas storage (i.e. CO 2 capture and high pressure CH 4 storage) were obtained with these materials, showing the effectiveness of this synthesis strategy in converting a low value lignocellulosic biomass into a functional carbon material with high performance in gas storage applications. IntroductionHydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) is now a well-established thermochemical synthesis alternative to produce functional carbon materials with a tunable chemical structure from pure carbohydrates or lignocellulosic biomass [1][2][3].During HTC, biomass-derived precursors are converted into valuable carbon materials using water as reaction medium at mild temperatures (< 200°C) under self-generated pressures [4]. Even though this methodology has been known for almost 100 years [5], its full potential, as a synthetic route for carbon materials having important applications in several fields such as catalysis, energy storage, CO 2 sequestration, water purification, soil remediation, has been revealed only recently, mainly via the work of Dr. Titirici and coworkers [6].Under hydrothermal conditions monosaccharides are dehydrated to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) via the well-known Lobry de Bruyn-Alberta van Ekstein rearrangement [7]. Once 5-HMF is formed, it is in situ "polymerised" yielding the HTC carbon product [8]. While most of the research efforts focus on the exploitation of HMF for the production of chemicals, bioplastics and biofuels [9], the Titirici´s group rediscovered these processes for the production of green and valuable carbon and carbon-hybrid materials [1,4].One of the main limiting factors, hindering the effective and straightforward exploitation of HTC carbons for several end-applications (eg. catalysis, separation science, energy production and storage), is their low surface area and porosity [10]. In the case of monosaccharide derived HTC carbons, this problem has been elegantly overcome by using hard\soft-templating strategies or by addition of structural directing agents [11][12][13]. Such synthetic routes are effective because of the homogeneous nature of the pre-HTC aqueous reaction mixt...

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“…A comparison of the N 1s spectra of PD and PD_C in Fig. 4(b) shows that the fraction of pyridinic-N 37,38) in PD_C decreases, and those of pyrrolic-N 38) and graphitic-N 39) increase. This result suggests that some aromatic pyridine molecules could be decomposed to small components, such as linear molecules, atoms or radicals, and then recombined to form pyrrolic-N or graphitic-N in the carbon matrix.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of nanocarbons synthesized between electrodes in liquid phase by solution plasma

Lee

Wada

Kaneko

et al. 2017

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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For several decades, the development of synthesis processes and designs for carbon materials such as graphites, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes has been continuous because of their superior physicochemical properties. The liquid-phase electric discharge process, known as the solution plasma process (SPP), has emerged as a potential synthesis process for carbon materials; however, liquid discharge in organic solutions has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, plasma discharges in benzene (C 6 H 6 ) and pyridine (C 5 H 5 N) were conducted. During the discharge, two types of nanocarbons with different crystallinities were synthesized simultaneously in different reaction fields: between electrodes and in a liquid phase. The nanocarbons grown between electrodes were collected and then compared with the nanocarbons produced in the liquid phase after discharge. All carbon samples were measured using various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the nitrogen absorption-desorption method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Nanocarbons grown between electrodes in benzene or pyridine were found to be graphite structures, while the nanocarbons produced in the liquid phase were amorphous carbons. On the basis of the results obtained, the formation and growth of the two types of nanocarbon materials synthesized by SPP and their dependence on the position of the reaction field in plasma in the liquid phase are discussed.

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Sustainable nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials from biomass derivatives

Cited by 371 publications

References 51 publications

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications

Tailoring the porosity of chemically activated hydrothermal carbons: Influence of the precursor and hydrothermal carbonization temperature

Comparative study of nanocarbons synthesized between electrodes in liquid phase by solution plasma

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