Sustainable Management of the Coastal Water pH of Pulau Tuba Using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Method

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the precision of the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) to estimate and map the coastal water pH for the sustainability of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah. 30 sampling points have been set up during two sampling activities in November 2018. The pH meter has been calibrated and lowered to 1 meter below the water surface to measure the reading of pH. The development of the spatial model was developed using the spatial analyst tool available in ArcGIS Software. Several types of statistical analyses were carried to compare the observed and predicted value of pHs such as correlation analysis, regression analysis, and error analysis. Accuracy assessment was carried later after the transformation of a spatial model into a surface map. The research found that the IDW method successfully interpolated the pH readings. The research found that there is a strong positive correlation between the observed and predicted values. For error analysis, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were recorded at 0.033 and 0.044, respectively. After the transformation of the spatial model to the surface map, the accuracy of the map is recorded at 81.25%. The map produced can be used by residents and local government for social and economic development and protection of biodiversity at the coastal water of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah.

Assessment of the Current Spatiotemporal Variations of Total Suspended Solid on the Surface Waters of Kuala Perlis, Perlis

“…Rivers are important sources of water for human existence and environmental health. Therefore, river water quality is a critical characteristic that must be conserved and closely monitored (Kamaruddin et al, 2018(Kamaruddin et al, , 2021Othman et al, 2012). Water quality, including hydrology, is a significant component of river health evaluations because it affects the spatial and temporal dynamics of various biological patterns and processes in major rivers (Kamaruddin et al, 2022;Mohd Rizal et al, 2022;Sheldon & Fellows, 2010).…”

“…The quality of water varies temporally and spatially because alterations in land cover surrounding rivers change over time and in different locations, influenced by both anthropogenic and natural factors . This variability makes determining water conditions and pollution sources difficult and crucial for effective pollution control (Kamaruddin et al, 2021). Water quality monitoring should be conducted to properly understand rivers' current river health assessment, especially regarding the total solid content in the river ecosystem.…”

Integration of environmental assessment models: A study of the impact on urban micro-watersheds in the Amazon-Brazil

“…Another widely used technique is the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), due to the possibility of evaluating and mapping water quality as mentioned by Mirzaei and Sakizadeh (2016). Gong et al, (2014); Kamaruddin et al, (2021) and Khouni et al, (2021) evaluate that IDW is a more accurate method when compared to Kriging and it adapts well and can be used to manage, through isothermal maps, the location of probable environmental impact events as a guideline for the implementation of adequate sustainability monitoring and management of the environment.…”