“…To preserve them, much effort has gone into setting up and managing a network of protected areas because, for various constituencies, conservation is best served by outright protection (Bowles et al 1998), occasionally after initial extraction of valuable species (Rice et al 1997). Others, however, see this as an ultimately limited option (Wood 1995, Lugo 1999, Pearce et al 2003, Gardner et al 2009). They argue the need to include sustainable forest management, balancing productivity and offtake with efforts to conserve biodiversity, maintain vital forest functions, and continue supplying various social and economic benefits, across various scales.…”