Sustainable faecal sludge management in Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) settlements in tropical climate: A review

Abstract

In settlements for internally displaced persons (IDPs), achieving sustainable on-site faecal sludge management is crucial. Effective stabilization and treatment methods are vital, as the wrong choices can result in dire sanitary conditions. Tropical climate, marked by low- income settings and overburdened sanitation facilities, pose unique challenges that demand tailored solutions. This review paper focuses on simplicity, cost-efficiency, and minimal land requirements for stabilization, along with affordability, low health risks, and valuable end-products for treatment. Notable findings include mechanical presses, planted drying beds, and solar greenhouse drying beds as robust stabilization methods, while microwave heating, black soldier fly larvae, and anaerobic digestion show promise as sustainable treatment techniques. Adopting these techniques promises sustainable faecal sludge management and potential improvements in living standards. This paper guides the way toward enhanced sanitation and well-being in the toughest conditions.