“…Crises and disasters are forces that disrupt tourism operations (Chiou, Huang, Tsai, Lin & Yu, 2013;Racherla & Hu, 2009). As they are often unexpected, these incidents create additional stress for tourism practitioners, presenting real and perceived safety risks (Chemli, Nunes & Toanoglou, 2018;Hall, 2010). For these reasons, crisis and disaster management skills and strategies are vital to any tourism practitioner (Paraskevas, Altinay, McLean & Cooper, 2013).…”