Sustainable development in East Africa: impact evaluation of regional agricultural development projects in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda

Abstract

Investments in agricultural technologies, capacity building and policy harmonization are needed to support sustainable development across Africa. Regional development projects can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and innovations across nation‐state borders and generate benefits for shared prosperity. This paper uses panel data from 1,160 smallholder households including beneficiaries and non‐beneficiaries from five countries in East Africa ‐ Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. From a pool of over 90 projects implemented over a span of 15 years, 23 regional projects are included in this study. The major economic benefits to smallholder participants are higher crop productivity and income, access to adaptable technologies, access to markets, higher livestock and milk production, gender equality, enhanced food security, resilience and capacity building for uptake and scaling up of future innovation platforms. For example, the adoption of low‐cost tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries increased their incomes by 15% in Rwanda while the adoption of appropriate land and water management technologies increased the potato yields from 2.8 tons (USD 2,840/ha) to over 7.5 tons (USD 7,410/ha) in Kenya. The beneficiaries ensured value added to commodities like bananas (for export) and orange‐fleshed sweet potatoes (a nutrition‐sensitive intervention for enhancing domestic intake of vitamin A) in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Additionally, milk production increased from 6 to 11 L per cow per day in Uganda and from 6 to 8 L per cow per day in Tanzania, with increases in sales generating USD 115 per cow per month above the non‐beneficiaries. These results are supported by previous studies on technology adoption, investments in agriculture and well‐being outcomes. Our findings with the higher farm income Difference‐in‐Differences (DiD) estimator for the female beneficiaries compared to male beneficiaries might have important implications for investing in regional development projects that will close the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Africa. Regional projects can also support post‐conflict development efforts for food security and peace in fragile contexts such as in Burundi. Our findings might serve as an input to the African Union's Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to food security and agriculture in Africa and an input to monitoring, evaluation and learning.

Adoption of banana (Musa spp) production technology among small-scale farmers in Embu West Sub-County, Kenya

“…According to Wahome et al (2021), the most important factors affecting banana production are labour and performance of agronomic management practices which include the use of quality planting materials, appropriate use of fertilizers, mulch and manure. One of the main recommended technologies is the use of tissue culture bananas whose adoption is less than 7% in Kenya and significantly lower in Uganda and Burundi (Warinda, Nyariki, Wambua, Muasya, & Hanjra, 2020). A recent impact study for Kenya showed positive yield effects of tissue culture banana adoption but also pointed out the importance of good extension and proper plantation management (Murongo, Wangai, Mwine, & Ayuke, 2018).…”

“…Apart from fertility management, other recommended practices including pest and disease control, weeding, irrigation, desuckering, deleafing and debudding (removal of the male bud) should also be given adequate emphasis to enable farmers to achieve stable yield levels (Warinda et al, 2020). However, according to Muthee et al (2019) very few banana farmers in Embu County have adopted these banana management practices.…”

A review of gender in agricultural and pastoral livelihoods based on selected countries in west and east Africa

“…Likewise, in Ethiopia, several empowerment indicator variables (including input in production decisions, autonomy in plot management, membership in farmers' groups and the ability to speak in public) positively influenced women's participation in different stages of agricultural research (Mulema et al, 2019). In Kenya, and Uganda, investments in agricultural technology and capacity-building contributed to gender equality and closing the gender gap in agriculture (Warinda et al, 2020).…”

Implementation, Stakeholders` Participation and Sustainability of Public Projects in Kenya: A Conceptual Framework

“…For instance, public organizations are employing structured cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholders' approaches for integrating governments, international players, donors, business players, third-sector and local communities in sustainable decision making (Goll, Uhl, & Zwiers, 2019). In East African region, governments are incorporating sustainable development strategies through stakeholder involvement with an aim of promoting long-term positive impacts of investment projects (Warinda, Nyariki, Wambua, Muasya & Hanjira 2020). In Kenya, participation of public and stakeholders in development projects is not only anchored in the Constitution of Kenya 2010 but also guided by public participation Act of 2019.…”