Sustainable Development for Vietnam’s Economy in the Context of Globalization and Industrial Revolution 4.0

Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Vietnam

“…Schipper et al [3] reports a rise to 3-21 times of the world copper demand in 2100 compared to 2010, whereas Dong et al [6] expects the 2050 copper demand in China to be six times the 2005 level (around 4 Tg). Nishiyama et al [7] indicates that other Asian countries' copper consumption (India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam) will continue to grow at a high rate, while Nguyen et al [8] emphasizes the importance of economic expansion, industrialization, urbanization, and rising living standards to explain the consumption growth in Vietnam. Vietnam has indeed experienced a rapid economic reformation, with its Gross National Income rising from USD 80/person in 1986 to USD 1962/person in 2015 [9], representing an average annual rate of economic growth of 5-6% [10].…”

“…The key question is, however, to know where and when the secondary copper is available. This is particularly important for Vietnam, whose economy is still oriented towards the use of low-skilled labor and the export of natural resources [8,21], despite being the third-largest producer of minerals in Southeast Asia [20]. From that perspective, Hashimoto et al [22] proposed a framework for classifying secondary resources based on the primary resource classification [23].…”