Sustainable design of fully recyclable all solid-state batteries

Tan, Darren H. S.; Xu, Panpan; Yang, Hedi; Kim, Min-cheol; Nguyen, Han; Wu, Erik A.; Doux, Jean-Marie; Banerjee, Abhik; Meng, Ying Shirley; Chen, Zheng

doi:10.1557/mre.2020.25

Cited by 40 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…[93,94,[98][99][100][101][102]106,108] While recycling offers a potential secondary supply of materials, among other benefits, it is important to consider net changes in energy consumption when recycled materials are implemented. With a few exceptions, [99,108,114] environmental concerns related to recycling are largely underexamined and, if so, addressed qualitatively. Conclusions made by Huang et al…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

189

100

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tation currently accounts for 23% of global energy-related CO 2 emissions. [1] Electric vehicles (EVs) thus represent a rapidly expanding market, with at least 20% of road vehicles estimated to be electrically powered by 2030. [1] LIB technology takes great prominence within the automobile industry, due to its unbeatable electrochemical performance and lightweight, portable nature. Its impressive performance can be attributed, in part, to the low weight and small ionic radius of the Li + ions (0.76 Å), allowing fast ion transport. This fast transport, along with its low reduction potential (-3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), [2] allows for high power density as well as volumetric and gravimetric capacity. Such properties are of critical importance for EVs. [3] With the increased demand for high energy density LIBs for EVs, comes reductions in battery cost and subsequent volatility in material supply. In light of the immense scale of transport electrification that is being proposed in order to meet CO 2 emission targets, considerable attention is being directed toward the socioenvironmental and economic impact of such an increase in material demand. Of particular focus are lithium-ion cathode materials, many of which are composed of lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co), in varying concentrations (Figure 1a). The cathode constitutes more than 20% of LIB's overall cost and is a key factor in determining the energy and power density of the battery (Figure 1b). [3,4] It is, therefore, vital to maximise the cathode's performance while minimizing its cost, to make EVs more accessible for society.The high cost of cathode materials is largely attributed to the presence of cobalt-a rare and expensive element mined primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-which has been deemed necessary in the past to deliver high energy densities in LIBs. For example, the active material within the commercial NMC111 cathode (LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 ) costs ca. £17 kg −1 , producing 3.88 kWh kg −1 . [5] This high cost is largely attributed to the relatively large amount of cobalt within the electrode (£ 25 kg −1 ). [6] This cost is over 350 times greater than that of iron (£0.068 kg −1 ), [7] which reflects its relative high natural abundance. A combination of political instability within the DRC, social impacts within the mining sector, and supply chain volatility and ambiguity have driven a decrease in cobalt content in NMC cathodes (e.g., going from NMC 111 to NMC811 (LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 )) and zero-cobalt alternatives such as LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 spinels, LiMO 2 disordered rocksalts and Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries are viewed as a vital green technology required to meet CO 2 emission targets as part of a global effort to tackle climate change. Positive electrode (cathode) materials within such batteries are rich in critical metals-particularly lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The large-scale mining of such metals, to meet increasing battery demands, poses con...

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Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

189

100

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“…However, most of the studies about recycling of LIBs are devoted to conventional liquid‐based electrolyte LIBs, while little attention has been paid to recycling of new emerging ASS‐LIBs. [7] Among these, the recycling of sulfide‐based ASS‐LIBs (e. g., Li|Li 6 PS 5 Cl|LiCoO 2 ) [8] and oxide‐based ASS‐LIBs such as LLZO (Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ) [9] have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Recycling of LLZO Solid Electrolyte Exemplarily Performed on LFP/LLZO/LTO Cells**

et al. 2022

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All‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries (ASS‐LIBs) are promising due to their safety and higher energy density as compared to that of conventional LIBs. Over the next few decades, tremendous amounts of spent ASS‐LIBs will reach the end of their cycle life and would require recycling in order to address the waste management issue along with reduced exploitation of rare elements. So far, only very limited studies have been conducted on recycling of ASS‐LIBS. Herein, we investigate the recycling of the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) solid‐state electrolyte in a LiFePO 4 /LLZO/Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 system using a hydrometallurgical approach. Our results show that different concentration of the leaching solutions can significantly influence the final product of the recycling process. However, it was possible to recover relatively pure La 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 to re‐synthesize the cubic LLZO phase, whose high purity was confirmed by XRD measurements.

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“…The authors suggest a pretreatment employing crushing, thermal treatment and sieving/sorting followed by hydrometallurgical steps. Tan et al [59] describe a recycling process of a Li | Li 6 PS 5 Cl | LiCoO 2 LMSSB. It is highlighted that the process is less complicated when compared to conventional LIB, mainly due to the intrinsic nonflammable nature of the SSE and therefore reduced fire hazards during disassembly.…”

Section: Recyclabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

From Lithium‐Metal toward Anode‐Free Solid‐State Batteries: Current Developments, Issues, and Challenges

Heubner

Maletti

Auer

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

133

104

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Sustainable design of fully recyclable all solid-state batteries

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 40 publications

References 35 publications

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Towards Recycling of LLZO Solid Electrolyte Exemplarily Performed on LFP/LLZO/LTO Cells**

From Lithium‐Metal toward Anode‐Free Solid‐State Batteries: Current Developments, Issues, and Challenges

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