Sustainable biodiesel production from the green microalgae Nannochloropsis: Novel integrated processes from cultivation to enzyme-assisted extraction and ethanolysis of lipids

He, Yongjin; Zhang, Bingbing; Guo, Shuai; Guo, Zheng; Chen, Bilian; Wang, Mingzi

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112618

Cited by 53 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Under these conditions, both gas and liquid phase densities become identical, and their difference vanishes. Biodiesel can be produced by transesterifying SCFs such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, dimethyl carbonate, and methyl acetate using vegetable oils in the absence of a catalyst [ 12 , 13 ]. Various SCFs used for biodiesel production are summarized in Table 1 .…”

Section: Transesterification/esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lipid was extracted from the Nannochloropsis oculata strain with maximum biomass content of 4.38 g/L and total fatty acid content of 1.55 g/L in two extraction cycles using ethanol. The lipid ethanol mixture was directly used to produce biodiesel using free lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus and obtained a maximum yield of 90.25% [ 13 ].…”

Section: Enzyme Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

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The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles.

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Section: Transesterification/esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enzyme Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

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“…The logistics cost in Equation (11) considered the distance between the source and destination and the transportation mode, such as land and sea travels. Equation (12) shows the total cost considered in the model.…”

Section: Model Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biodiesel production derived from Jatropha Curcas is designed in a two-stage stochastic programming approach which shows that the integration of different kinds of biodiesels can result in a more comprehensive and green system [11]. A study shows that microalgae-based biodiesel is feasible; however, the conversion substantially depends on the lipidic characteristic of the feed [12]. Various studies show that waste cooking oil could be a promising source for biodiesel production for the more sustainable practice of utilising waste as an energy source [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Diverse and Sustainable Biodiesel Supply Chain Optimisation Model Based on Properties Integration

et al. 2020

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Producing sustainable biodiesel from oil crops has been a great challenge, especially for oil crops plantations that involve various small and medium stakeholders. Differences in plantation activities and environments create a unique sustainability profile for each oil crop that may impose more sustainability issues such as deforestation problems in oil palm plantations. This paper embraced the unique sustainability index profile of each oil crop, and an investigation was performed to evaluate the feasibility of integrating multiple oil crops into the existing biodiesel refinery to improve its economic and sustainability performances. The selection of the process feed is proposed to be based on oil crop properties such as iodine value, peroxide value and saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents. The sustainability profiles considered in the study include deforestation, oil yield, fertiliser impact, water impact and carbon footprint. Case studies demonstrated that a more balanced sustainability index profile could be achieved at a higher production cost—from USD 6.43 billion·y−1 in a cost-saving-centric solution to USD 39.90 billion·y−1 in a sustainability-improvement-centric solution. The study provided excellent insight into the impact on production cost to achieve sustainability which can help stakeholders to evaluate the feasibility of integrating multiple oil crops in the system.

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“…However, hexane is toxic, flammable and classified as a pollutant (Potrich et al 2020;Toda et al 2016). Therefore, greener extraction processes have been developed recently using green solvents such as carbon dioxide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, etc (He et al 2020;Dal Prá et al 2018;Castejón et al 2018;Castro-Puyana et al 2017;Toda et al 2016). The carbon dioxide extraction process is usually conducted in a supercritical condition to produce a good yield and pure oil (Costa et al 2019;Mouahid et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aqueous enzymatic extraction of palm kernel oil

Sebayang¹,

Tarigan²,

Rizki³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Inexpensive enzyme with high hydrolitic activity is required to bring the aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of seed / biomass oil into commercialization. In this study a commercial digestive drug which is mainly composed of amylase and protease enzymes has been applied to extract the palm kernel oil. A single factor experiment evaluated the effect of the ratio palm kernel to water, concentration of digestive drug used, pH, incubation time and temperature on extraction efficiency, free fatty acid (FFA) content and lipid profile in form of monoglyceride, diglyceride and triglyceride. A significant effect was observed for all the parameters and the highest extraction efficiency of 96% with FFA content less than 0.68% was observed in the incubation condition of 1:5 ratio palm kernel to water, 9% w/w of digestive drug, pH of 9, 90 min of incubation time at 45°C. Green metrics assesment confirmed that the AEE process is more green process than the soxhlet method. In comparison with other existing extraction methods, the AEE showed better extraction efficiency against the screw press and supercritical carbon dioxide methods.

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Sustainable biodiesel production from the green microalgae Nannochloropsis: Novel integrated processes from cultivation to enzyme-assisted extraction and ethanolysis of lipids

Cited by 53 publications

References 51 publications

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

A Diverse and Sustainable Biodiesel Supply Chain Optimisation Model Based on Properties Integration

Aqueous enzymatic extraction of palm kernel oil

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