Sustainable and green microextraction of organophosphorus flame retardants by a novel phosphonium‐based deep eutectic solvent

Abstract

Based on the solidification of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent in air‐assisted liquid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, a green and sustainable microextraction technique was developed for extracting, separating, and detecting organophosphorus flame retardants in aqueous samples. In this study, some strategies were considered for overcoming or improving the challenges of conventional solvent microextraction procedures. In addition, a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent with a freezing point near the ambient temperature was employed as an extraction phase, the dispersive solvent was substituted by the syringe pump process, and the centrifugation step was omitted by using salting‐out phenomenon. Further, the effect of the main independent variables was evaluated by using the chemometric methods in order to maximize the extraction efficiency of the procedure. Under optimal conditions, the calibration model was linear in the range of 0.01–25.0 µg/L. Limits of detection and quantitation were assessed at the concentration levels of 2–23 and 9–65 ng/L, respectively. The precision involving repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated by estimating the relative standard deviation, the levels of which were <6.6 and <8.7%, respectively. The applicability of the method was successfully evaluated by analyzing the target analytes in real aqueous samples, which illustrated satisfactory recoveries (95–104.61%).

Analysis of tamoxifen and its main metabolites in plasma samples of breast cancer survivor female athletes: Multivariate and chemometric optimization

“…It could be found that increasing the salt concentration in a solution increases its ionic strength and, thus, typically decreases the analyte solubility in the aqueous solution. This behavior can be justified by considering the salting‐out phenomenon [33]. Therefore, analytes migration to the extraction phase improved, and consequently, the EE increased.…”

“…Afterward, the selected DES as the extracting media was added to the solution followed by intensive shaking of the solution by using a vortex agitator for an optimal time. After centrifugation of the sample, the extraction phase, including the analytes, was removed from the solution with the aid of a widened bell-shaped device and then it was frozen by placing the vial with the bell-shaped device in an ice bath [33]. The solidified DES transferred to a microtube was then ready for final analysis after melting.…”

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Promising Green Solvents in Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet: Recent Applications, Challenges and Future Perspectives

“…The method exhibited acceptable recoveries of 83–117% and also demonstrated high precision (%RSD < 10%). HDESs were also reported in the DLLME-SFOD for the extraction of aromatic amines [ 44 ] and OPFRs [ 16 ] from aqueous samples.…”

“…This technique is known as DLLME-SFOD. Since its development, DLLME-SFOD has found applications as the preconcentration for different analytes from various matrices [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Most of the solvents that are used in DLLME-SFOD have lower toxicity than the ones that are conventionally used in DLLME [ 13 ].…”

Trace determination of triazine herbicides in fruit and vegetables using novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent‐based dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet

“…That's why researchers have made many developments in the DLLME method to solve these problems. Recently, methods such as vortex, ultrasonic, pH, and temperature changes are used to increase the contact surface and dispersion of the extraction solvent, and the disperser solvent is no longer used [23][24][25]. Also, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been extensively developed as an extractant in the DLLME method.…”