Sustainability perspectives for future continuity of mushroom production: The bright and dark sides

Abstract

Mushrooms are now well-known as healthy food ingredients that contain dietary fiber, vitamin D and compounds with numerous health benefits. Its procurement was initially based on the collection of naturally occurring wild mushrooms in the field, which depended on the region. Modern established cultivation techniques have contributed to environmental sustainability through the recycling of forestry and agricultural by-products and have successfully developed into a global industry. Such development of global mushroom production is the “bright” side as circular agriculture. However, the potential environmental and economic benefits in the sustainability of mushroom production have not yet been widely recognized, and its global production trend has stagnated in recent years. Therefore, dissemination activities through international mutual cooperation centered on education including ecology, cultivation science, and nutrition science of mushrooms are indispensable for the development of mushroom production in the future. On the other hand, we also need to urgently identify and address the challenges associated with negative sustainability impacts, or “dark” side, of mushroom production. The adverse effects of spores derived from cultivated mushrooms on the surrounding environment and disposal methods such as used heat-resistant bags and spent mushroom substrates are often neglected. Clarifying such the positive and negative aspects of sustainability in mushroom production and presenting their future prospects should contribute to improving international perceived value and the continuity of mushroom production.

Building an IoT-Based Oyster Mushroom Cultivation and Control System and Its Practical Learning Effects on Students

“…The results of the sensor system accuracy test in this study not only show the performance of the sensors used in this study but also show the superiority of this research which was not carried out by all previous related studies, including research by Chang [45], Royse [32], Feeney et al [39], Sultana et al [46], Lu et al [47], Ediyani et al [15], Nongthombam et al [44], Raman et al [36] Zawadzka et al [40], Okuda [14], Törős et al [49], El-Ramady et al [37], Nadzirah et al [50] and Melanouri et al [34].…”

“…Besides, this previous research is not a prototype model for learning media and practices for students in building IoT and learning media for mushroom cultivation, as this article does. Likewise with previous studies, including the research conducted by [45], [32], [39], [46], [47], [15], [44], [36], [40], Okuda [14], [33], [37], [50], and [34] had the limitation of not testing the accuracy of the sensor system used, while this research completes the accuracy test of the sensors used. In short, the articles in this study are novel and unique compared to other articles.…”

“…The similarity of prior research with this research lies only in the importance of the embodiment of a design system based on IoT technology. The future sustainability of mushroom cultivation or production is reviewed [14]. This previous research and the research in this article both focus on the development of mushroom cultivation but are entirely different in topic, objectives, and research methods.…”

“…It means that the learning media for learning oyster mushroom cultivation and automatic control of environmental conditions in Baglog oyster mushroom cultivation is necessary. Moreover, educational activities for developing mushroom production are essential for the future sustainable development of mushroom production [14].…”

“…Although there are relatively many previous studies related to mushroom cultivation, including research by [47], [15], [44], [40], and [14], none of them aim to be educational media tools for students as this research. Besides that, a previous study by [42] and [48] on oyster mushroom cultivation, even though it was based on IoT, has the limitation of not controlling the pH of Baglog water, but only controlling humidity and temperature of Baglog.…”