Sustainability evaluation of a primary school rainwater demonstration project in Tanzania

Mwamila, Tulinave Burton; Han, Myung Joo; Kum, Soyoon

doi:10.2166/washdev.2016.186

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Variable demand was considered under water level monitoring strategy, Equation (4b) [8]. Equations (5) and (6) are the basic demand conditions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a GIS based RWH potential study, [5] established that harvestable rainwater for the medium rainfall (400 -1200 mm), high population (>100 persons/km 2 ) rooftop domain ranges from 115.6 to 346.8 km 3 (which generally displays high ability to meet daily water demand), and occupies 38.3% of the country area. RWH is a potential and sustainable alternative water source to solve water shortage problems, in particular, in developing countries [6] [7]. With simple strategies rainwater can meet demand even during the dry season [8] [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies for Household Water Supply Improvement with Rainwater Harvesting

Mwamila¹,

Katambara²,

Han³

2016

GEP

Self Cite

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There are significant household water supply challenges including quantity sufficiency and quality, which have economic and social implications. The challenges have remained despite the efforts of government establishing centralized or groundwater systems, and/or having individual crude systems. A Tanzanian rural household case study was considered by assessing the performance of a currently relied surface runoff collecting pond system for domestic purposes. A daily water balance model was applied with performance parameters, no water days (NWD) and rainwater usage (RUR). Rooftop runoff harvesting system was proposed as a water supply source in addition to the current one. Under such dual supply conditions, users can meet the drinking and non-drinking demand even in dry seasons at a minimum of 2 and 20 L/person/d, respectively. For rainwater harvesting adoption (considering selected regions), it was further established that amount and variation in rainfall impacts on quantity available for meeting demand. Increased catchment implies increased harvestable quantity, and with same storage higher reduction of number of NWD although with slight decrease of RUR. Also, increased storage is required for achieving higher RUR in case the same demand is maintained. But same storage can be maintained for increased demand relative to catchment size. However, rainwater catchment increase has greater impact on meeting a specified demand under given condition of rainfall quantity and variation. The RWH technology strategies presented in this study are replicable in other developing countries under site specific conditions.

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“…Variable demand was considered under water level monitoring strategy, Equation (4b) [8]. Equations (5) and (6) are the basic demand conditions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Household Water Supply Improvement with Rainwater Harvesting

Mwamila¹,

Katambara²,

Han³

2016

GEP

Self Cite

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“…However, due to limited storage capacity, water from such RWH systems hardly lasts to the dry season. A number of studies have been conducted to promote the sustainability of RWH systems in Tanzania [47][48][49][50][51]. Therefore, the Kilimanjaro concept builds on this existing local knowledge, and extends it to an even larger scale by incorporating conveyance and storage facilities, and low-cost water treatment systems.…”

Section: Overview Of Rwh In Tanzaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Tanzanian mainland, 61.9% of households have modern roofs (iron sheets, tiles, concrete) as was revealed by human settlement survey [61]. In view of the other reliable water supply sources, practical factors necessitating the need for increased adoption of RWH technology were highlighted [47][48][49][50][51], suggesting RWH complements conventional water sources resulting in a dual water supply system. Such a dual system increases water self-sufficiency and reduces over-reliance on centralized systems, which are often not accessible to low-income communities.…”

Section: Rainwater Harvesting In Tanzania: Potential and Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania

Ndé-Tchoupé

Tepong-Tsindé

Lufingo

et al. 2019

Water

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Fluorosis has been prevalent in the great East African Rift Valley (EARV) since before this region was given a name. In the Tanganyika days, Germans reported elevated fluoride concentrations in natural waters. In the 1930s, the clear relationship between high fluoride level and mottling of teeth was established. Since then, the global research community has engaged in the battle to provide fluoride-free drinking water, and the battle is not yet won for low-income communities. An applicable concept for fluoride-free drinking water in the EARV was recently presented, using the Kilimanjaro as a rainwater harvesting park. The Kilimanjaro concept implies that rainwater is harvested, stored on the Kilimanjaro mountains, gravity-transported to the point of use, eventually blended with natural water and treated for distribution. This article provides a roadmap for the implementation of the Kilimanjaro concept in Tanzania. Specifically, the current paper addresses the following: (i) presents updated nationwide information on fluoride contaminated areas, (ii) discusses the quality and quantity of rainwater, and current rainwater harvesting practices in Tanzania, (iii) highlights how low-cost water filters based on Fe0/biochar can be integrating into rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to provide clean drinking water, and (iv) discusses the need for strict regulation of RWH practices to optimize water collection and storage, while simplifying the water treatment chain, and recommends strict analytical monitoring of water quality and public education to sustain public health in the EARV. In summary, it is demonstrated that, by combining rainwater harvesting and low-cots water treatment methods, the Kilimanjaro concept has the potential to provide clean drinking water, and overcome fluorosis on a long-term basis. However, a detailed design process is required to determine: (i) institutional roles, and community contributions and participation, (ii) optimal location and sizing of conveyance and storage facilities to avoid excessive pumping costs, and (iii) project funding mechanisms, including prospects for government subsidy. By drawing attention to the Kilimanjaro concept, the article calls for African engineers and scientists to take the lead in translating this concept into reality for the benefit of public health, while simultaneously increasing their self-confidence to address other developmental challenges pervasive in Africa.

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“…RWH is a potential and sustainable alternative water source to solve water shortage problems, particularly in developing countries [5] [6]. Rainwater quantity can be predicted through modeling as has been demonstrated by several researchers in optimizing storage size [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy to Overcome Barriers of Rainwater Harvesting, Case Study Tanzania

Mwamila¹,

Han²,

Katambara³

2016

GEP

Self Cite

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There are socio-technological challenges towards extension of the application of rainwater harvesting (RWH) practices in developing countries. An attempt to address this was done using the Mnyundo Primary School, Tanzania, as a study area for evaluating the technical, economic, and social challenges of RWH practices. A storage water level monitoring gauge was used so as to simplify rainwater quantity control and utilization strategy. Basic quality control components such as first flush tank were incorporated so as to reduce the particle load flowing into the storage. Cost reduction strategies such as the one (1) company one (1) community campaign were applied to address the cost implication. To enhance ownership, participatory approach of the beneficiaries in all stages including planning, designing and implementation was adopted. In order to ensure project sustainability, training on how to operate and maintain were provided as well as a maintenance manual to impart a sense of ownership. For the challenges of imparting RWH practices in Tanzania, 19 solutions have been identified and they include provision of RWH manuals, guidelines and regulations, government incentives, and promotion of self-financing initiatives. For developing countries, the study proposes the following strategies: establishing relevant regulations and research centers, enhancing individual and community financial stability, conducting demonstration projects, and increased investment by government on promotion.

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Sustainability evaluation of a primary school rainwater demonstration project in Tanzania

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Strategies for Household Water Supply Improvement with Rainwater Harvesting

Strategies for Household Water Supply Improvement with Rainwater Harvesting

White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania

Strategy to Overcome Barriers of Rainwater Harvesting, Case Study Tanzania

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