Sustainability applications of rare earths from metallurgy, magnetism, catalysis, luminescence to future electrochemical pseudocapacitance energy storage

Abstract

Rare Earths (REs) are referred to as ‘industrial vitamins’ and play an indispensable role in a variety of domains.

Tailoring the Perovskite Structure to Acquire an Inorganic La2NiCrO6 Double Perovskite as an Efficient Energy Storage Application by Varying Molar Concentrations of Citric Acid

“…In the fabricated supercapacitor device, double perovskite La 2 NiCrO 6 (LNC3@Ni-foam) is the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC@Ni-foam) is used as the negative electrode; and it is schematically represented in Figure 12a. The charge balance relation between LNC3@Ni-foam and AC@Ni-foam can be expressed as the following eq 10 q q = + (10) where q + and q − represent the charges stored in the positive electrode and negative electrode materials. Stored charge in the electrode material can be measured using eq 11…”

“…In an electric double-layer capacitor, the charge is stored through the non-faradaic reaction, which has high power density; the pseudocapacitor stores charge through the fast faradaic redox reaction, which has high energy density. In order to compromise the energy density and power density with long cycle stability, hybrid supercapacitors are used, which store charge by faradaic and non-faradaic processes. − The materials used in an electrode determine the performance of a supercapacitor. Different sorts of electrode materials like carbon, metal oxide, and conducting polymer are used for supercapacitors.…”

Novel electrode material based on coral-like cerium orthoferrite (CeFeO3) for efficient alkaline water splitting

“…Perovskite-like complex oxides of rare earth elements (REEs) with the general molecular formula RFeO 3 (R = Sc, Y, Ln) have emerged as noteworthy catalytic electrode materials. 2,3 These compounds are characterized by a high concentration of active surface centers and exhibit remarkable activity and chemical stability in various catalytic processes, attributed to the formation of surface defects, specifically oxygen vacancies. 4,5 Moreover, because of the variety in their chemical composition and electronic structure, they can be tailored for particular catalytic applications.…”

The sustainability onion: a panoramic view of a parent concept, its paths, and progeny

“…It is seen in the social sciences, natural sciences (physical and biological), and applied sciences. From the social science perspective, owing to the penetration of this terminology, we now have sustainable anthropology, 88 sustainable archaeology, 89 sustainable economics 90 sustainable geography, 91 sustainable criminology, 92 green chemistry, [93][94][95][96] which includes green solvents, 97 green chemical processes, [98][99][100] sustainable electrochemistry, 101 chemical recycling, 102 sustainable metallurgy, 103,104 sustainable compounds and materials [105][106][107] etc. Other sustainable elds include green ecology, 108 sustainable physics, 109 sustainable microbiology, 110 sustainable engineering, 111 sustainable technology, 112 sustainable agriculture, 113 which has agronomy as one of its strategies.…”