Sustainability and Pastoral Livelihoods: Lessons from East African Maasai and Mongolia

Fratkin, Elliot; Mearns, Robin

doi:10.17730/humo.62.2.am1qpp36eqgxh3h1

Cited by 148 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Around the world, highlanders face increasing threats to their livelihood from internal and external economic, political, social and ecological changes (de Haan 1993;Derville and Bonnemaire, 2010;Fratkin and Mearns, 2003;Namgay et al 2017;Nori and Davies, 2007;Wiener et al 2003) and Bhutan is no exception. In recent years, the change of policy to delete tsamdro ownership rights had posed a significant threat to the livelihood of highlanders, particularly the Brokpas.…”

Section: Legality Of Tsamdro Border Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Good fences are key to sustainable pasture management and harmonious pastoral society of Merak and Sakteng in Bhutan

Wangdi

Norbu

2018

Pastoralism

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There is limited knowledge about the traditional tsamdro management practice, particularly the building of walls and fences by the pastoral nomads of Merak and Sakteng. Conflicts related to tsamdro resource access are not a new phenomenon in Bhutanese pastoral communities. In the recent past, as an adaptive response to external economic, political, social and ecological changes, the tsamdro was nationalized. This change in policies brought a host of challenges specifically in managing the existing and building new tsamdro border structures. The objective of the study was to elucidate the motives and purposes behind the building of tsamdro structures, and to explore the historical development, significance and future of yak farming by Brokpas. We used a semi-structured questionnaire and face-to-face interview for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data from 40 yak herders opportunistically selected from both Merak and Sakteng gewogs, village block, refers to a group of villages in Bhutan Trashigang district. The study revealed that tsamdro border structures were primarily built to ensure harmony within the Brokpa society by reducing conflicts caused by livestock trespassing, but structures indirectly assisted in tsamdro management. The structures were one of the encashable family assets passed across generations and played a critical role in shaping the socio-economic developments of Brokpas. Though the tsamdro was nationalized, the Brokpas still continue to hold tsamdro ownership rights and build new tsamdro border structures to protect their livelihood. The contradiction between the government's policy and Brokpas' livelihood pattern will have a detrimental effect on both the social harmony of nomadic herders and the traditional tsamdro management practice. We suggest the government develop nomadic-centered policies that encourage tsamdro resource sharing within the Brokpa communities. Socio-economic development incentives are required to address the trespassing conflicts.

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Section: Legality Of Tsamdro Border Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Good fences are key to sustainable pasture management and harmonious pastoral society of Merak and Sakteng in Bhutan

Wangdi

Norbu

2018

Pastoralism

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“…In this way, water points could concentrate degradation in some places, i.e., around points, and reduce pressure in other areas. Negative social and environmental effects, however, will be significantly reduced where social institutions to manage collective resources are in place (Ostrom 1990, Fratkin andMearns 2003). Further research should explore this as well as the effect of ongoing livelihood diversification, which represents a shift from collective to individual risk management, on communities' capacities for collective action.…”

Section: Implications Of Infrastructural Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation and Unscripted Development: Proximity to Park Associated with Development and Financial Diversity

Baird¹

2014

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Decades of research on the social dynamics of biodiversity conservation has shown that parks and protected areas have added hardship to rural communities throughout much of the developing world. Nonetheless, some recent studies have found evidence of poverty alleviation near protected areas. To build on these conflicting accounts, I use a comparative, mixed-methods design to examine opportunistic, unplanned, i.e., unscripted, development in indigenous communities near Tarangire National Park (TNP) in northern Tanzania. I ask the questions: (1) How is proximity to TNP related to community-level infrastructural development? (2) How has the process of development changed over time? and (3) How is proximity to TNP related to infrastructure-related social outcomes at the household-level? Results from semistructured interviews show that, compared with distant communities, communities near TNP have developed more extensive education and water infrastructure in the past decade by procuring financial support from a greater diversity of external organizations, including wildlife-related organizations. Correspondingly, household survey results show that education measures are positively associated with proximity to TNP, controlling for other factors. These findings support the notion that development can accrue near protected areas in ways that are diverse, uncoordinated, and opportunistic, and correspondingly distinct from heralded community-based conservation, community-based natural resource management, and integrated conservation and development project initiatives.

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“…Des travaux réa-lisés sur d'autres terrains d'Afrique et d'Asie confirment nos résultats : Boutrais (1992) souligne l'impossibilité de recourir à des ressources provenant d'activités non agricoles comme un facteur majeur incitant les éleveurs à accroître leurs cheptels, ce qui entraîne une dégradation des parcours ; Fratkin et Mearns (2003) Nos résultats soulèvent également les limites de la démarche comparative et du poids relatif des spécificités nationales, telles que les politiques publiques actuelles et l'histoire de ces régions d'élevage. Ainsi, la politique agricole tunisienne, plutôt protectionniste, a favorisé des pratiques de substitution de la végétation par des céréales importées des pays du Nord, tandis que le gouvernement ultralibéral du Brésil a écarté cette voie pour les élevages familiaux.…”

Section: Pour Les éLeveurs Les Ressources Ne Sont Pas Toujours Liéesunclassified

Quels liens entre élevages et écosystèmes naturels ?

Cialdella

Hostiou²,

Girard³

2010

Natures Sciences Sociétés

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Autant le comparatisme est une démarche scientifique féconde, autant celle-ci requiert des précautions méthodologiques. Les auteures proposent une méthode qui, par des typologies de plus en plus formalisées, met en regard des activités d'élevage en deux régions particulièrement contrastées. Au-delà de l'agronomie au sens large, la démarche est peut-être transférable à d'autres disciplines, par exemple en sciences sociales. En plus de cet intérêt méthodologique, le texte défend une thèse qui prend le contre-pied d'un postulat fréquent des politiques de développement dans les pays du Sud, selon lequel l'élevage extensif des producteurs locaux serait destructeur de l'environnement. En procédant à une analyse fine de pratiques d'élevage, les auteures démontrent que les risques écologiques liés à l'élevage extensif représentent davantage une exception qu'une règle, aussi bien en Amazonie brésilienne qu'en steppes tunisiennes. La RédactionMots-clés : écosystèmes tropical et aride ; ressources ; pratiques d'élevage ; stratégie d'élevage Résumé -Concilier développement de l'élevage et gestion d'écosystèmes reconnus comme biens communs est un enjeu pour de nombreux pays. Mais la manière dont les éleveurs utilisent réellement les écosystèmes, en particulier pour alimenter leurs troupeaux, reste peu explorée. Notre objectif est de qualifier la diversité des liens existant entre élevages et écosystèmes naturels en croisant deux situations d'élevage familial contrastées au niveau écologique et socioéconomique : petits ruminants en Tunisie, bovins laitiers au Brésil. En formalisant des types de pratiques et stratégies d'élevage, nous montrons que les écosystèmes locaux ne constituent pas toujours des ressources de même nature pour les éleveurs. Ces résultats nuancent leur responsabilité vis-à-vis de la dégradation des ressources dites naturelles et ouvrent de nouvelles questions de recherche pour concilier développement de l'élevage et gestion durable des ressources. Keywords:arid and tropical ecosystems; resources; livestock farming systems; strategic patterns; farmers' practices Abstract -What are the links between livestock farming and natural ecosystems? Crossed views on arid and tropical areas. Reconcile livestock farming development with management of ecosystems recognized as Common goods are at stake in many countries. But the actual way in which farmers use ecosystems and its vegetation to feed their herds remain underinvestigated. Qualifying the diversity of links between livestock farming and natural ecosystems is the objective of this article, by crossing two situations of familial livestock farming greatly contrasting each other regarding their ecological as well as socioeconomic conditions: small ruminant farming in southern Tunisia and dairy farming in Brazilian Amazonia. In both countries, herd feeding practices based on pasture are blamed for causing desertification and deforestation. We implemented a comprehensive and formalized approach, combining monitoring of livestock farming practices and an iterative ca...

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Sustainability and Pastoral Livelihoods: Lessons from East African Maasai and Mongolia

Cited by 148 publications

References 27 publications

Good fences are key to sustainable pasture management and harmonious pastoral society of Merak and Sakteng in Bhutan

Good fences are key to sustainable pasture management and harmonious pastoral society of Merak and Sakteng in Bhutan

Conservation and Unscripted Development: Proximity to Park Associated with Development and Financial Diversity

Quels liens entre élevages et écosystèmes naturels ?

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