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Carbon recycling is poised to emerge as a prominent trend for mitigating severe climate change and meeting the rising demand for energy. Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into green energy and valuable feedstocks through photocatalytic CO2 reduction (PCCR) offers a promising solution to global warming and energy needs. Among all semiconductors, zinc oxide (ZnO) has garnered considerable interest due to its ecofriendly nature, biocompatibility, abundance, exceptional semiconducting and optical properties, cost‐effectiveness, easy synthesis, and durability. This review thoroughly discusses recent advances in mechanistic insights, fundamental principles, experimental parameters, and modulation of ZnO catalysts for direct PCCR to C1 products (methanol). Various ZnO modification techniques are explored, including atomic size regulation, synthesis strategies, morphology manipulation, doping with cocatalysts, defect engineering, incorporation of plasmonic metals, and single atom modulation to boost its photocatalytic performance. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of photoreactor design, reactor types, geometries, operating modes, and phases. Future research endeavors should prioritize the development of cost‐effective catalyst immobilization methods for solid‐liquid separation and catalyst recycling, while emphasizing the use of abundant and non‐toxic materials to ensure environmental sustainability and economic viability. Finally, the review outlines key challenges and proposes novel directions for further enhancing ZnO‐based photocatalytic CO2 conversion processes.
Carbon recycling is poised to emerge as a prominent trend for mitigating severe climate change and meeting the rising demand for energy. Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into green energy and valuable feedstocks through photocatalytic CO2 reduction (PCCR) offers a promising solution to global warming and energy needs. Among all semiconductors, zinc oxide (ZnO) has garnered considerable interest due to its ecofriendly nature, biocompatibility, abundance, exceptional semiconducting and optical properties, cost‐effectiveness, easy synthesis, and durability. This review thoroughly discusses recent advances in mechanistic insights, fundamental principles, experimental parameters, and modulation of ZnO catalysts for direct PCCR to C1 products (methanol). Various ZnO modification techniques are explored, including atomic size regulation, synthesis strategies, morphology manipulation, doping with cocatalysts, defect engineering, incorporation of plasmonic metals, and single atom modulation to boost its photocatalytic performance. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of photoreactor design, reactor types, geometries, operating modes, and phases. Future research endeavors should prioritize the development of cost‐effective catalyst immobilization methods for solid‐liquid separation and catalyst recycling, while emphasizing the use of abundant and non‐toxic materials to ensure environmental sustainability and economic viability. Finally, the review outlines key challenges and proposes novel directions for further enhancing ZnO‐based photocatalytic CO2 conversion processes.
Metal oxide nanostructures (MONSTRs) have become popular in various fields. This study investigates the durability of MONSTRs synthesized through hot water treatment (HWT) using copper, aluminum, and zinc as the source metals of choice. The physical durability tests include pressure, scratch, and scotch tape adhesion tests, and chemical durability tests such as corrosion resistance tests, heat resistance, and solar exposure tests. Results showed that MONSTRs synthesized from HWT are highly durable under the tested conditions except for NaOH and HCl immersion tests for copper oxide and zinc oxide. The study concluded that HWT is a sustainable synthesis method for MONSTRs. Graphical Abstract
In this paper, based on the modification of semiconductor ZnO by solid solution heterojunction and noble metal photoreduction, Pt/Zn0.25Cd0.75S QDs/ZnO composite with a broad spectral response was synthesized, and crystal structure, morphology, optical properties, specific surface area and electrochemical properties of composites were investigated and discussed. The prepared composite has a skeleton structure, in which the solid solution Zn0.25Cd0.75S mainly exists in the form of quantum dots (QDs), and Pt is mostly simple nanoparticles. After ZnO was modified by solid solution ZnxCd1−xS QDs and precious metal Pt with surface plasmon resonance effect, the composite has strong light absorption ability in the visible region. Compared with the ZnO monomer, the specific surface area of the nanoparticle framework has a significant enhancement, thus increasing the active sites for the photocatalytic reaction. In addition, the results of the transient photocurrent response tests and the electrochemical impedance tests show that Pt/Zn0.25Cd0.75S QDs/ZnO composite has a better carrier separation efficiency with the fastest electron transfer rate and the lowest charge transfer resistance compared with other reference systems. Furthermore, the composite exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance in the multi-mode photocatalytic degradation of dye molecules. The results of photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen show that the hydrogen production capacity of Pt/Zn0.25Cd0.75S QDs/ZnO composite is 33.67 mmol·g− 1 in 8 h, which is 207 times higher than that of commercially available P25. Combined with the results of the capture experiments, it is finally determined that the possible photocatalytic mechanism of the composite Pt/Zn0.25Cd0.75S QDs/ZnO is more inclined to be the effect of "Z-type" heterostructure.
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