Suspected benzoic acid poisoning in the cat

Bedford, P. G. C.; Clarke, E. G. C.

doi:10.1136/vr.88.23.599

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…), a process that requires conjugation with glycine in the liver and, therefore, toxicity resulting from administration of this compound is a significant concern. There are several reports in the literature of benzyl alcohol toxicity in cats following administration of substances containing this preservative (Bedford & Clarke , ; Humphreys ; Cullison et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the cat, benzyl alcohol is excreted almost entirely as hippuric acid (Bridges et al 1970), a process that requires conjugation with glycine in the liver and, therefore, toxicity resulting from administration of this compound is a significant concern. There are several reports in the literature of benzyl alcohol toxicity in cats following administration of substances containing this preservative (Bedford & Clarke 1971, 1972Humphreys 1976;Cullison et al 1983). However, benzyl alcohol was not detected in the plasma of two of the six cats in this study administered the preservative containing formula of propofol, and there were no detectable benzyl alcohol concentrations in three of the four other cats by 10 minutes post-administration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), altering the pharmacokinetics of both agents. There are several reports of benzyl alcohol toxicity in cats due to administration of substances containing this preservative (Bedford & Clarke , ; Humphreys ; Cullison et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As hepatic metabolism is necessary for the biotransformation and elimination of both drugs (Simons et al 1991(Simons et al , 1992, administration of the two drugs together can be expected to slow elimination and increase plasma drug concentrations (Perry et al 1991), altering the pharmacokinetics of both agents. There are several reports of benzyl alcohol toxicity in cats due to administration of substances containing this preservative (Bedford & Clarke 1971, 1972Humphreys 1976;Cullison et al 1983). However, plasma concentrations producing symptoms of toxicity have not been evaluated.…”

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol following a single induction dose administered intravenously in cats

Griffenhagen

Rezende

Gustafson

et al. 2015

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol following a single induction dose administered intravenously in cats

Griffenhagen

Rezende

Gustafson

et al. 2015

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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“…The cat, as already mentioned, has a defective glucuronic acid conjugation for certain compounds including benzoic acid. Consequently, benzoic acid is more toxic to the cat than most common species of animals (16,17), for the cat conjugates benzoic acid entirely with glycine, which is limited in supply, and glucuronic acid conjugation is not available to take over when large doses of benzoic acid are administered. The effect of dose on the glycine conjugation of phenylacetic acid in the ferret (J. R. Idle, unpublished data) and of l-naphthylacetic acid in the rat (J. Caldwell and P. Dixon unpublished data) have been studied recently in this laboratory in connection with taurine conjugation which is a relatively new mechanism.…”

Section: Dose and Pattern Of Drug Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Variations in the Pathways of Drug Metabolism

Williams¹

1978

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The basic pattern of the metabolism of foreign compounds is the same in all species, in that most foreign compounds are metabolized in two phases, in the first of which the compound may be oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed and in the second the products of the first phase may undergo a synthesis or conjugation to form polar excretory products. Within this pattern, however, tremendous variations can occur, since the enzymes which catalyze the reactions of these phases can be influenced by a large number of factors, species being one of the most important of these factors. Species variations in the nature and extent of the biotransformation of foreign compounds are complex and sometimes unexpected. If any foreign compound (or xenobiotic) is administered to more than one species, although one can now predict the pathways of xenobiotic metabolism, it is almost certain that species differences in the amounts of the predicted metabolites formed and excreted will be found and in some cases gross differences in the actual routes of metabolism will be found.The metabolism of a xenobiotic is often related to its toxicity and its therapeutic activity, and since the testing of potentially useful chemicals for use in man is carried out in animals lower on the evolutionary scale than man, it is important to know whether tests on these animals can be extrapolated to man. Therefore a comparative study of metabolism in man and other species could be of value for suggesting a species likely to be useful for comparing the activity of a given compound with that in man. This is a big task, since thousands of chemical compounds are now used by man for various purposes and 1729 species of rodents, only a few of which are extensively used for testing (e.g., the rat) and 193 species of subhuman primates which are nearest to man on the accepted evolutionary scale. Apart from testing chemicals for safe use in man, there is also the problem of the toxicity of environment chemicals to wild life. Some species may be more sensitive than others to chemical pollutants, and this difference may well be related to species differences in metabolism and how the chemical is detoxicated and excreted by the animal.In studies, of comparative metabolism, there are obviously two main entities to be considered: the species and the compound; one can thus study the fate of one compound in many species or the fate of many compounds in one species.The study of one compound in many species has produced certain patterns and from this type of study there has emerged the suggestion that the animals nearest to man in the pathways of drug metabolism are the subhuman primates, particularly, the Old World monkeys (1, 2). Examples of compounds which have been studied in this way are phenylacetic acid (3), sulfadimethoxine (4), quinic acid (5), coumarin (6), 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoate (7), and methanol (8). These studies show that Old World monkeys and sometimes New World monkeys are similar to man in both phase I and II reactions; the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, th...

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