Susceptibility to citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri depends on the nuclear genome of the host plant

Shiotani, Hiroshi; Yoshioka, Terutaka; Yamamoto, Masashi; Matsumoto, Ryoji

doi:10.1007/s10327-008-0074-8

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Among mandarin cultivars, 'Okitsu' was found to be more resistant to canker development than 'Clemenules' (13, 20,35,36), although the mechanisms causing this differential resistance are still unknown. In this work, we found that 'Okitsu' is susceptible to X. citri infection during leaf development but the period of susceptibility is shorter than for 'Clemenules'.…”

Section: Field Evaluations Have Shown That Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus Umentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Barriers of Mandarin ‘Okitsu’ Leaves Make a Major Contribution to Canker Disease Resistance

Favaro¹,

Micheloud²,

Roeschlin³

et al. 2014

Phytopathology®

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Field evaluations have shown that Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) ‘Okitsu’ is one of the mandarin cultivars that shows substantial resistance to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), the causal agent of citrus bacterial canker disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this resistance are not well understood. In this study, we have shown that ‘Okitsu’ leaves are nevertheless susceptible to X. citri infection during a period of their development; however, this period is shorter than that seen in the susceptible mandarin ‘Clemenules’ (C. clementina). Under controlled growth conditions, the resistance of ‘Okitsu’ to X. citri was associated with the age of the leaf and was evident in spray-inoculated plants but not in those inoculated by infiltration. Furthermore, X. citri showed reduced attachment and biofilm formation in ‘Okitsu’ leaves compared with ‘Clemenules’. Taken together, our data suggest that structural features of the ‘Okitsu’ leaf surface, such as the physical properties of the cuticle, are involved in the resistance to X. citri.

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Section: Field Evaluations Have Shown That Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus Umentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Barriers of Mandarin ‘Okitsu’ Leaves Make a Major Contribution to Canker Disease Resistance

Favaro¹,

Micheloud²,

Roeschlin³

et al. 2014

Phytopathology®

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“…citri on C. unshiu differed significantly from those on C. sinensis (sweet orange, a moderately susceptible to susceptible host) (Shiotani et al, 2008 It is reasonable that the lesions elicited by strain KC21Rif100 on Satsuma mandarin fruits are thought not to be a negligible inoculum source. However, we have no evidence that the bacterial cells were scattered from the contaminated fruits in October 2006.…”

Section: Dr Shiotani's Answer (11)mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Xcc is virulent on all plants in the genus Citrus (Koizumi 1981), While mandarins (C. reticulata) are typically considered less susceptible to moderately resistant (Civerolo 1984;Gottwald et al2002), no species had absolute immunity to citrus canker disease. The results of Shiotani et al (2009) (Kuhara, 1978;Shiotani et al, 2008)‖. The USDA may disagree with that statement and contradict the Panel, but in that case evidence is necessary.…”

Section: Usda Response On the Rmas (9)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of Shiotani et al (2009) research supports the findings of other research (cited within USDA, 2009b) conducted on Xcc, studies that represented the extremes of susceptibility from highly susceptible (grapefruit) to less susceptible varieties (lemon, mandarins). EFSA provides no evidence to support excluding the results of Shiotani et al (2009) based on variety.‖ Response from the EFSA PLH Panel: In Shiotani et al (2009), the authors state -this cultivar [Satsuma mandarin] is resistant to citrus canker and rarely requires any control procedure for domestic marketing (Kuhara, 1978;Shiotani et al, 2008)‖. The USDA may disagree with that statement and contradict the Panel, but in that case evidence is necessary.…”

Section: Usda Response On the Rmas (9)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statement in response to the comments submitted by the US phytosanitary authorities on a previous EFSA opinion (EFSA Journal 2011;9(12):2461) regarding the export of Florida citrus fruit to the EU

2013

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been asked to address the comments submitted in April 2012 by the US phytosanitary authorities on the EFSA scientific opinion on the US request related to the export of Florida citrus fruit. The EFSA Panel on Plant Health acknowledges the responses provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and considers that the USDA misinterpreted the conclusions made by the Panel in its previous opinion (EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), 2011). The Panel considers that the extrapolations of the data provided by Shiotani et al. (2009) andGottwald et al. (2009) were not supported by sound evidence. The Panel considers that both the responses provided by Dr Shiotani and by Dr Gottwald and colleagues do not lead to any major change in the set of scientifically sound information related to citrus canker and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. The Panel, after evaluating the response provided by the USDA regarding the previous EFSA scientific opinion on citrus canker, considers that the removal of mandatory mitigation measures in field and packinghouse facilities increases the risk of contamination of fruit during the growing season and thus the bacterial load and frequency of infected fruit in consignments. Permitting the trade of citrus fruit originating from infected orchards increases the probability of the presence of X. citri pv. citri on fruit in consignments from those sites. The Panel considers that citrus fruit is a pathway for introduction of X. citri pv. citri into the European Union and the related risk is being evaluated in a separate EFSA opinion under preparation on the plant health risk of citrus canker for the EU. The Panel, after evaluating the response provided by the USDA regarding its previous pest risk assessments and risk management analyses, further considers that:removing mandatory mitigation measures in the field increases the risk of contamination of fruit during the growing season and thus the bacterial load and frequency of infected fruit in consignments;removing mandatory mitigation measures in packinghouse facilities contributes to increasing the bacterial load and frequency of infected fruit in consignments;allowing the trade of citrus fruit originating from infected orchards increases the probability of the presence of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri on fruit in consignments from those sites.The Panel considers that citrus fruit is a pathway for the introduction of X. citri pv. citri to the European Union and the related risk is being evaluated in a separate EFSA opinion under preparation on the plant health risk of citrus canker for the EU, addressing another question from the same terms of reference.Statement in response to the comments submitted by the US phytosanitary authorities EFSA Journal 2013;11(10):3374 3

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“…bilvae are considered not to be responsible for citrus canker disease ( Table 1). not erumpent or blister-like) can be observed on leaves of partially resistant cultivars (Falico de Alcaraz, 1986;Shiotani et al, 2008) and most frequently on fruit of these cultivars. These canker strains are the only ones significantly impacting the citrus industry (Goto, 1992;Jetter et al, 2000;Spreen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Pest Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii for the EU territory

2014

EFS2

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The Panel conducted a pest risk assessment for Xanthomonas campestris (all strains pathogenic to Citrus) for the EU territory and an assessment of the effectiveness of present EU requirements against Xanthomonas strains pathogenic to citrus. The risk assessment was conducted under the scenario of absence of the current specific EU plant health legislation and the assumption that citrus-exporting countries apply measures to reduce yield and quality losses. Risk reduction options were systematically identified and evaluated. The strains of X. campestris pathogenic to citrus have been reclassified as four distinct infraspecific taxa within two species: X. citri and X. alfalfae. Only two pathovars (X. citri pv. citri and X. citri pv. aurantifolii) are responsible for the citrus bacterial canker that presents a major risk for the citrus industry in the EU. Seven entry pathways have been identified and evaluated. The likelihood of entry was rated unlikely for fruit, very likely for fruit plants for planting, moderately likely for ornamental plants for planting and unlikely for leaves and twigs. The uncertainty of probability of entry was rated as high. The probability of establishment was rated as moderately likely to likely with a medium uncertainty because host plants are widely present in EU areas where environmental conditions are suitable. Once established, spread would be likely with a low uncertainty. The impact of the disease, even if control measures are applied, was rated as moderate to major with a medium uncertainty. The disease would cause yield losses in areas where citrus is the main crop, increase the need for control measures and create environmental problems.The combined EU regulations have been shown to be effective in preventing the introduction of X. citri pv. citri or X. citri pv. aurantifolii in the EU, as no outbreaks of citrus canker in the EU territory have been reported. Vernière for the preparatory work on this Scientific Opinion and EFSA staff: Svetla Kozelska, Tilemachos Goumperis and Olaf Mosbach Schulz for the support provided to this Scientific Opinion. Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii pest risk assessment EFSA Journal 2014;12(2):3556 4 Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii pest risk assessment EFSA Journal 2014;12(2):3556 6importance of maintaining the absence of X. citri pv. citri and X. citri pv. aurantifolii in citrusproducing areas and of the risk reduction options to maintain this absence.The effectiveness of current EU phytosanitary measures to reduce the risk of introduction of X. citri pv. citri and X. citri pv. aurantifolii ranges from moderate to high. However, the requirements for buffer zones of pest free production sites in areas infested by X. citri pv. citri or X. citri pv. aurantifolii are insufficiently detailed.The probability of entry of X. citri pv. citri and X. citri pv. aurantifolii via import of plants for planting for citrus production and of ornamental rutaceous plants (species listed in section 3.1...

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Susceptibility to citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri depends on the nuclear genome of the host plant

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

Surface Barriers of Mandarin ‘Okitsu’ Leaves Make a Major Contribution to Canker Disease Resistance

Surface Barriers of Mandarin ‘Okitsu’ Leaves Make a Major Contribution to Canker Disease Resistance

Statement in response to the comments submitted by the US phytosanitary authorities on a previous EFSA opinion (EFSA Journal 2011;9(12):2461) regarding the export of Florida citrus fruit to the EU

Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii for the EU territory

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