Susceptibility of tree shrew to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Zhao, Yuan; Wang, Junbin; Kuang, Dexuan; Xu, Jingwen; Yang, Mengli; Ma, Chang–Jin; Zhao, Shuaiyang; Li, Jingmei; Long, Haiting; Ding, Kan; Gao, Jian; Liu, Jiansheng; Wang, Haixuan; Li, Haiyan; Yang, Yun; Wu, Yu; Yang, Jing; Zheng, Yinqiu; Wu, Daoju; Lu, Shuaiyao; Liu, Hongqi; Peng, Xiaozhong

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72563-w

Cited by 90 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Recently, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported in cats, dogs, minks, tigers, and lions (28,31,(35)(36)(37). Furthermore, experimental studies documented the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2, such as mice, hamsters, cats, ferrets, non-human primates, and treeshrews (6,24,30,38,39). The natural and experimental infection to animals is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Possible Animal Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

2020

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A novel coronavirus has been reported as the causative pathogen of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan city, China in December 2019. Due to the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, it has been announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Hospitalized patients in Wuhan were associated with the Huanan seafood wholesale market where live animals, such as poultry, bats, snakes, frogs, rabbits, marmots, and hedgehogs are sold in that market which suggests a possible zoonotic infection. It was suggested that bat is the natural host of SARS-CoV-2, but the intermediate host is still unclear. It is essential to identify the potential intermediate host to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Pangolin is a highly suspected candidate as an intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, and lions. More recently SARS-CoV-2 infection affected minks severely and zoonotic transfer with a variant SARS-CoV-2 strain evidenced in Denmark, Netherlands, USA, and Spain suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mink farms. Furthermore, experimental studies documented the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2, such as mice, golden hamsters, cats, ferrets, non-human primates, and treeshrews. It is also essential to know the possibility of infection for other animal species. This short review aims to provide an overview on the relation between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and animals.

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Section: Possible Animal Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

2020

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“…During replication, the viral spike (S) envelope glycoprotein and the nucleoprotein (NP) are highly transcribed [ 7 ]. Through experimental infection studies, SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to infect non-human primates, cats, ferrets, bats, hamsters and tree shrews but does not productively infect pigs, dogs or poultry [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Sporadic infections of domestic cats and dogs, as well as large captive felids and farmed mink [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] have been reported and are thought to be reverse-zoonoses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intranasal Infection of Ferrets with SARS-CoV-2 as a Model for Asymptomatic Human Infection

Everett

Lean

Byrne

et al. 2021

Viruses

101

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Ferrets were experimentally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2) to assess infection dynamics and host response. During the resulting subclinical infection, viral RNA was monitored between 2 and 21 days post-inoculation (dpi), and reached a peak in the upper respiratory cavity between 4 and 6 dpi. Viral genomic sequence analysis in samples from three animals identified the Y453F nucleotide substitution relative to the inoculum. Viral RNA was also detected in environmental samples, specifically in swabs of ferret fur. Microscopy analysis revealed viral protein and RNA in upper respiratory tract tissues, notably in cells of the respiratory and olfactory mucosae of the nasal turbinates, including olfactory neuronal cells. Antibody responses to the spike and nucleoprotein were detected from 21 dpi, but virus-neutralizing activity was low. A second intranasal inoculation (re-exposure) of two ferrets after a 17-day interval did not produce re-initiation of viral RNA shedding, but did amplify the humoral response in one animal. Therefore, ferrets can be experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 to model human asymptomatic infection.

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“…Based on ACE2 similarities, a range of different animals have been used as models. Experimental infections in dogs (10), cats (10-13), ferrets (10,14), hamsters (15,16), rhesus macaques (17), tree shrew (18), cynomolgus macaques (19), African green monkey (20), common marmosets (21), rabbits (22), and fruit bats (23) have shown that these species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and experimentally infected cats, tree shrews, hamsters and ferrets could also transmit the virus. In contrast, experimental infection of pigs and several poultry species with SARS-CoV-2 proved to be unsuccessful (10,23,24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

Munnink

Sikkema

Nieuwenhuijse

et al. 2021

Science

994

1,170

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Animal experiments have shown that non-human primates, cats, ferrets, hamsters, rabbits and bats can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in felids, mink and dogs in the field. Here, we describe an in-depth investigation using whole genome sequencing of outbreaks on 16 mink farms and the humans living or working on these farms. We conclude that the virus was initially introduced from humans and has since evolved, most likely reflecting widespread circulation among mink in the beginning of the infection period several weeks prior to detection. Despite enhanced biosecurity, early warning surveillance and immediate culling of infected farms, transmission occurred between mink farms in three big transmission clusters with unknown modes of transmission. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of the tested mink farm residents, employees and/or contacts had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Where whole genomes were available, these persons were infected with strains with an animal sequence signature, providing evidence of animal to human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within mink farms.

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Susceptibility of tree shrew to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Cited by 90 publications

References 47 publications

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

Intranasal Infection of Ferrets with SARS-CoV-2 as a Model for Asymptomatic Human Infection

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

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