Susceptibility of the Endangered California Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma californiense, to Ranavirus Infection

Picco, Angela M.; Brunner, Jesse L.; Collins, James P.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-43.2.286

Cited by 75 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In the lab, the endangered California tiger salamander ( Ambystoma californiense ) is susceptible to ATV and experienced mortality associated with infection (Picco et al 2007 ). There have been no reports of ATV infections or associated mortality in wild California tiger salamanders, probably due in part to the ban on importation of non-native Ambystomatidae into the state.…”

Section: Ambystoma Tigrinum Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Host Range of Ranaviruses

et al. 2015

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Section: Ambystoma Tigrinum Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Host Range of Ranaviruses

et al. 2015

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“…If one sample appears positive and the other negative, a third sample can be run and the declaration of infection made based on the majority of the results. Ongoing research (E. Grant, U.S. Geological Survey, and DLM) is estimating detection probabilities of qPCR using the protocol of Picco et al ( 2007 ) and double sampling procedures.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of Ranaviruses and Diagnostic Techniques

et al. 2015

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“…Dis Aquat Org 84: [89][90][91][92][93][94] 2009 commercial activities , Picco et al 2007, Storfer et al 2007). …”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ranaviruses cause disease in fish, reptiles and amphibians (Chinchar 2002, Converse & Green 2005, Robert et al 2007. Ranaviruses have been implicated in large-scale die-offs of amphibians in Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas (Converse & Green 2005, Picco et al 2007). In the United States, ranaviruses have been associated with significant amphibian losses in 15 states (Converse & Green 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercial trade of amphibians for pets, research, bait and consumption has the potential to spread ranaviruses to naïve environments and new hosts (Picco et al 2007). Recent phylogenic analyses found similarities between Ranavirus strains associated with mortality events and those isolated from infected amphibians used for food and bait, suggesting that environmental spread of ranaviruses may be linked to human recreation and commercial activities , Picco et al 2007, Storfer et al 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of select disinfectants at inactivating Ranavirus

Bryan¹,

Baldwin²,

Gray³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Ranavirus can cause disease in reptiles and amphibians. Because survival time outside of a host remains uncertain, equipment must be disinfected to prevent transmission of ranaviruses. However, disinfectant efficacy against amphibian ranaviruses has not been investigated for chlorhexidine (Nolvasan ® ), sodium hypochlorite (bleach), or potassium compounds. Our goal was to determine the efficacy of Nolvasan ® (0.25, 0.75 and 2.0%), bleach (0.2, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0%), and Virkon S ® (1.0%) at inactivating Ranavirus at 1 and 5 min contact durations. Potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) (2.0 and 5.0 ppm) was also tested with a 60 min contact time. Nolvasan ® at 0.75 and 2.0% and bleach at 3.0 and 5.0% concentration were effective for both contact durations. Virkon S ® was effective for both durations, but KMnO 4 was not effective at either concentration. Concentrations of Nolvasan ® , bleach and Virkon S ® that are at least 0.75, 3.0 and 1.0%, respectively, are effective at inactivating Ranavirus after 1 min exposure time.KEY WORDS: Ranavirus · Amphibians · Disinfection · Chlorhexidine · Pathogen pollution · Potassium peroxymonosulfate · Potassium permanganate · Sodium hypochlorite Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 84: [89][90][91][92][93][94] 2009 commercial activities , Picco et al. 2007, Storfer et al. 2007).Researchers and tourists may also spread ranaviruses by traveling between contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Overland transport of ranaviruses to new areas could occur via contaminated surfaces, such as hands, nets, shoes or other field equipment (Converse & Green 2005). Fomite transmission has been linked to Ranavirus outbreaks in other aquatic species, including epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in redfin perch Perca fluviatilis (Langdon 1989). Langdon (1989) found that viral particles (virions) of EHNV remained infective for over 113 but less than 200 d on dry surfaces, and for at least 97 d in water. Because survival time of anuran ranaviruses remains uncertain outside the host, amphibian biologists, ranaculturalists and zoo personnel thoroughly disinfect equipment to prevent possible spread of Ranavirus to naïve populations (Fish and Wildlife Service 2008).Disinfectants must be safe for use with amphibians and must inactivate a significant proportion of Ranavirus to be deemed effective. Efficacy is determined by quantifying the number of virions present in a sample after one application of the disinfectant, with an effective agent producing at least a 3 log 10 (99.9% inactivated) reduction in titer (Scott 1980, Environmental Protection Agency 2008. Chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and potassium compounds are the most common disinfectants used by field biologists and zoological facilities (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005), but none of the 3 has been tested for its efficacy at inactivating Ranavirus. A 1.0% concentration of bleach is used to clean non-porous surfaces and is considered a safe concentration for use with amph...

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Susceptibility of the Endangered California Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma californiense, to Ranavirus Infection

Cited by 75 publications

References 14 publications

Distribution and Host Range of Ranaviruses

Distribution and Host Range of Ranaviruses

Comparative Pathology of Ranaviruses and Diagnostic Techniques

Efficacy of select disinfectants at inactivating Ranavirus

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