Susceptibility of Pathogenic Actinomycetes to Antimicrobial Compounds

Lerner, Phillip I.

doi:10.1128/aac.5.3.302

Cited by 100 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…B, and requiring MICs of 32 ,.g or more/ml were two Bifidobacterium infantis. These results generstrains ofBacteroides pneumosintes, one Pepto-ally agree with those in previous publications coccus saccharolyticus, one Peptostreptococcus (11,19,23,31,34,41,44,45 resistant strains of B. fragilis, Fusobacterium non-sporeforming bacilli. However, the majorspecies, or Clostridium species, as was reported ity of anaerobic bacteria most frequently enby Chow et al (10).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 82%

Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria to 23 Antimicrobial Agents

Sutter

Finegold²

1976

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

402

135

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The antimicrobial susceptibility of 492 anaerobic bacteria, the majority of which were. recent clinical isolates, was determined by the agar dilution technique. Penicillin G was active against most of the strains tested at 32 U or less/ ml, but only 72% ofBacteroides fragilis strains were susceptible at this level and 9% required 256 U or more/ml. Ampicillin was effective against most of the strains except B. fragilis at 16 ug or less/ml. Amoxicillin was active against only 31% of B. fragilis, 76% of other Bacteroides species, and 67% of Fusobacterium species at 8 ,ug/ml. Two new penicillins, mezlocillin and azlocillin, were similar to ampicillin in their activity. Carbenicillin and ticarcillin inhibited all but a few strains at 128 ,ug or less/ml. BLP 1654 was somewhat more active than penicillin G against B. fragilis but had similar activity against other anaerobes. Cephalothin was inactive against B. fragilis, and only 65% of other Bacteroides species were inhibited by 32 ug or less/ml. It was effective against all other anaerobes at that level. Cefamandole showed somewhat greater activity than cephalothin against B. fragilis but generally less activity against gram-positive organisms. Cefazaflur (SKF 59962) was comparable to cephalothin against B.firagilis. Cefoxitin was distinctly more active than cephalothin against B.fragilis. These latter two agents were less active than cephalothin against the gram-positive anaerobes. Chloramphenicol remains active against anaerobic bacteria at 16 ,ug or less/ml, with rare exceptions. Thiamphenicol was similar to chloramphenicol in its activity. Clindamycin was very active against most ofthe anaerobes at 8 ,ug or less/ml. Erythromycin and josamycin were also tested, with josamycin showing greater activity against B. fragilis than either erythromycin or clindamycin. A new oligosaccharide, everninomicin B, was less active than clindamycin against B. fragilis but more active against clostridia and some of the other strains tested. Most of the groups of bacteria tested demonstrated a trend toward resistance to tetracycline. Doxycyline and minocycline were somewhat more active than was tetracycline. Metronidazole was active against the majority of the anaerobes tested; resistance ws demonstrated by some of the gram-positive cocci and gram-positive, non-sporeforming bacilli.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 82%

Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria to 23 Antimicrobial Agents

Sutter

Finegold²

1976

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

402

135

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“…), metronidazole (Searle, Chicago ance to both the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of cefoxitin and metronidazole. These latter findings are similar to those seen with other anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli, such as certain nonperfringens Clostridia and Actinomyces, which also demonstrate relative resistance to metronidazole or cefoxitin (6,11,13,19).…”

Section: Materlals and Methodssupporting

confidence: 68%

Susceptibility of 40 Lactobacilli to Six Antimicrobial Agents with Broad Gram-Positive Anaerobic Spectra

Bayer

Chow

Concepcion

et al. 1978

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 40 lactobacillus strains were determined against six antibiotics with broad anaerobic spectra. Penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalothin were the most active inhibitory agents, with 95 to 100% of the strains inhibited at clinically achievable serum levels. However, despite the inhibitory efficacy of these four agents, only 5 to 22% of the isolates were killed at achievable concentrations. MBC:MIC ratios were high, ranging from 30:1 for cephalothin to 266:1 for ampicillin. Cefoxitin and metronidazole were generally ineffective against lactobacilli, with 87.5 to 100% of strains having unachievable MICs and/or MBCs. These findings may partially explain the clinical observations noting the inability to eradicate endocarditic lactobacillemias despite readily achievable MICs.Lactobacilli are being increasingly recognized as important pathogens in human infections (1,3,17,20). An intriguing phenomenon noted in many previously cited cases of lactobacillemia was the therapeutic difficulty in eradicating this organism from deep-seated infected foci, especially the endocardium, despite seemingly appropriate treatment regimens and serum antibiotic concentrations exceeding the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs).To investigate this problem of apparent discrepancy between in vitro susceptibility of lactobacilli and poor in vivo therapeutic responses, the MICs and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of six antibiotics with broad grampositive anaerobic spectra were determined by a modified broth dilution technique for 40 clinical isolates. MATERLALS AND METHODSIsolation of the lactobacilli. All 40 strains of lactobacilli were clinical isolates from a variety of body sites, including blood, genital tract, oropharynx, ascitic fluid, lymph node, and brain tissue. Ten were obtained from the clinical laboratory of Harbor General Hospital, whereas the remaining 30 organisms were kindly provided by the following investigators: Elizabeth P. Cato, Blacksburg, Va.; Robert E. Weaver, Atlanta, Ga.; Jack P. London, Bethesda, Md.; and M. Elisabeth Sharpe, Reading, England.The lactobacilli were identified by typical appearance on Gram stain and by biochemical reactions according to Bergey's criteria (14). Identification of species was according to classifications of Holdeman and Moore (12). The following strains of lactobacilli were used in this study: Lactobacillus casei (24 strains), L. plantarum (5 strains), L. acidophilus and L. minutis (3 strains each), L. fermentans and L. brevis (2 strains each), and L. leichmanii (1 strain). All of the L. plantarum and L. casei and two of the three L. minutis isolates were facultative anaerobes; the remainder were strict anaerobes.Organisms were maintained in chopped-meat glucose (CMG) broth (Scott Laboratories, Fiskeville, R.I.) and were transferred monthly into fresh media until the susceptibility testing was performed. In the week before testing, one additional transfer was done.Pre...

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“…The treatment of actinomycosis includes antimicrobial therapy with or without surgery. Penicillin is the antibiotic of choice, although other antimicrobial agents, such as clindamycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, can be used in cases of penicillin allergy (14,16). The optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy should be tailored depending on the severity of illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thoracic Vertebral Actinomycosis:Actinomyces israeliiandFusobacterium nucleatum

et al. 2008

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Actinomyces spp. are considered rare pathogens in today's medicine, especially with thoracic vertebral involvement. Classic actinomycosis (50%) presents as an oral-cervicofacial ("lumpy jaw") infection. This report describes a case of spinal cord compression caused by Actinomyces israelii with the coisolation of Fusobacterium nucleatum. There are limited numbers of similar cases. CASE REPORTThe case described here involves a 43-year-old Filipino man who presented to a medical center emergency department with a chief complaint of acute lower back pain and urinary incontinence. He had been in his usual state of health until approximately 3 days prior to admission, when he first noticed a gradual onset of bilateral lower-extremity weakness, followed by difficulty with walking and, finally, the inability to arise from bed. In addition, the patient stated that he had been experiencing low-grade fevers and progressive weight loss over the past several months. His medical history was unremarkable and did not include any recent trauma. The patient had emigrated from the Philippines to Hawaii about 20 years earlier. However, he denied any history of exposure to tuberculosis or any recent travel back to the Philippines or Southeast Asia.In the emergency room, the patient appeared to be disoriented, although he was able to follow simple commands. His vital signs included a temperature of 97.8°F, blood pressure of 121/75 mm Hg, a heart rate of 116 beats/min, and mild tachypnea, with an O 2 saturation of 99% on room air. On physical examination, he was noted to have poor dentition and evidence of multiple previous dental extractions. A neurological examination revealed significant bilateral lower-extremity weakness (two of five) with brisk deep-tendon reflexes, positive ankle clonus, and a positive Babinski sign, as well as diminished rectal tone. The remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory blood findings were significant for leukocytosis (22.0 ϫ 10 9 /liter) with 87% segmented neutrophils, an elevated platelet count of 722 ϫ 10 6 /liter, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 84 mm/h. A screen for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 antibodies was negative. The remaining laboratory findings were noncontributory.A chest X ray showed a left-lower-lobe infiltrate with minimal pleural effusion.Because of the possibility of spinal cord compression and injury, the patient was admitted to the medical intensive care unit for further workup and management. This included magnetic resonance imaging of the spine, which showed an abnormal signal intensity involving the thoracic vertebrae from T5 through T8 and an abnormal soft tissue mass enhancement consistent with an apparent abscess that involved the left posterior chest wall and ribs and that extended to the thoracic vertebral column and into the epidural space, with apparent spinal cord compression. A computed tomography scan of the chest revealed similar abnormal findings involving the left posterior chest wall and ribs as well as a collapsed lef...

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Susceptibility of Pathogenic Actinomycetes to Antimicrobial Compounds

Cited by 100 publications

References 22 publications

Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria to 23 Antimicrobial Agents

Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria to 23 Antimicrobial Agents

Susceptibility of 40 Lactobacilli to Six Antimicrobial Agents with Broad Gram-Positive Anaerobic Spectra

Thoracic Vertebral Actinomycosis:Actinomyces israeliiandFusobacterium nucleatum

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