Susceptibility of North American Ducks and Gulls to H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses

Brown, Justin D.; Stallknecht, David E.; Beck, Joan R.; Suarez, David L.; Swayne, David E.

doi:10.3201/eid1211.060652

Cited by 264 publications

(307 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Higher levels of viral shedding were detected in oropharyngeal swabs than in cloacal swabs in both age groups, which is consistent with the reported shift from the traditional enteric system of spread of AI viruses to respiratory spread 9 , 25 , 30 , 31 . Similar levels of viral shedding were also detected in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from both age groups, which may have implications for the transmission and geographical spread of these H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally

Löndt¹,

Núñez²,

Banks³

et al. 2009

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses have recently displayed increased virulence for wild waterfowl. Objectives To study the effect of host age on the shedding and tissue dissemination of a HPAI H5N1 virus in infected Pekin ducks. Methods Pekin ducks in two age‐matched groups (n = 18), 8 and 12 weeks old (wo) were each infected with 106 EID50/0·1 ml of HPAI A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 (H5N1, clade 2·2). Each day for 5 days, birds were monitored clinically, and cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs collected, before three birds from each group were selected randomly for post‐mortem examination. Tissue samples were collected for examination by real‐time RT‐PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Severe clinical signs, including incoordination and torticollis were observed in the 8 wo group resulting in 100% mortality by 4 dpi. Mild clinical signs were observed in the 12 wo group with no mortality. Real‐time RT‐PCR and IHC results demonstrated the systemic spread of H5N1 virus in birds of both age groups. Higher levels of virus shedding were detected in oropharyngeal swabs than in cloacal swabs, with similar levels of shedding detected in both age groups. Variations in level and temporal dissemination of virus within tissues of older ducks, and the presence of the virus in brain and heart were observed, which coincided with the appearance of clinical signs preceding death in younger birds. Conclusions These results are consistent with reports of natural infections of wild waterfowl and poultry possibly indicating an age‐related association with dissemination and clinical outcome in ducks following infection with H5N1 HPAI virus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally

Löndt¹,

Núñez²,

Banks³

et al. 2009

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…Such host-related variations may have direct implications in the transmission dynamics of IAV in wild duck populations. In addition, it may also affect long-distance virus dispersal during duck migrations [14,42,45] and be critical for the spread of HP viruses [21,22,24,46]. Compared with CL shedding, genotype-related differences may exist for OP shedding, as one of the five virus genotype we studied exhibited a significantly different pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Reassortant influenza A viruses in wild duck populations: effects on viral shedding and persistence in water

et al. 2012

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Wild ducks of the genus Anas represent the natural hosts for a large genetic diversity of influenza A viruses. In these hosts, co-infections with different virus genotypes are frequent and result in high rates of genetic reassortment. Recent genomic data have provided information regarding the pattern and frequency of these reassortant viruses in duck populations; however, potential consequences on viral shedding and maintenance in the environment have not been investigated. On the basis of full-genome sequencing, we identified five virus genotypes, in a wild duck population in northwestern Minnesota (USA), that naturally arose from genetic reassortments. We investigated the effects of influenza A virus genotype on the viral shedding pattern in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and the duration of infectivity in water, under different temperature regimens. Overall, we found that variation in the viral genome composition of these isolates had limited effects on duration, extent and pattern of viral shedding, as well as on the reduction of infectivity in water over time. These results support that, in wild ducks, functionally equivalent gene segments could be maintained in virus populations with no fitness costs when genetic reassortments occur.

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“…House sparrows that were examined histopathologically had viral antigen in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system, but generally the extent was greatly reduced compared with other wild avian species that have been experimentally infected with H5N1 HPAI viruses. 3,4,12 Based on the very low BID 50 and BLD 50 of the A/ whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 virus for house sparrows, it would seem likely that bird-to-bird transmission within this species could occur, and it is unknown why transmission of H5N1 HPAI virus between co-housed sparrows in previous experimental trials was unsuccessful. 2 Although this suggests a low probability of intraspecific transmission, additional studies are warranted to further investigate potential H5N1 HPAI virus transmission between sparrows, particularly as multiple genotypes of H5N1 HPAI virus have been isolated from terrestrial birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious and Lethal Doses of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus for House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus) and Rock Pigeons (Columbia Livia)

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Terrestrial wild birds commonly associated with poultry farms have the potential to contribute to the spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus within or between poultry facilities or between domesticated and wild bird populations. This potential, however, varies between species and is dependent on several virus and host factors, including habitat utilization, susceptibility, and viral shedding patterns. To provide data on susceptibility and shedding patterns of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and rock pigeons (Columba livia), 20 birds from each species were inoculated with decreasing concentrations of A/ whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1) HPAI virus, and the birds were evaluated for morbidity, mortality, viral shedding, and seroconversion over a 14-day trial. The house sparrows were highly susceptible to the H5N1 HPAI virus as evidenced by low infectious and lethal viral doses. In addition, house sparrows excreted virus via the oropharynx and cloaca for several days prior to the onset of clinical signs. Based on these results, house sparrows could play a role in the dissemination of H5N1 HPAI virus in poultry. In contrast, pigeons were resistant to the HPAI virus, requiring a high concentration of virus to produce infection or death. When infection did occur, the duration of viral shedding was brief, and viral titers were low. The data suggests that pigeons would contribute little to the transmission and spread of H5N1 HPAI virus in poultry.

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Susceptibility of North American Ducks and Gulls to H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses

Abstract: Species-related differences in clinical response and duration and extent of viral shedding exist between North American ducks and gulls infected with H5N1 HPAI viruses.

Cited by 264 publications

References 24 publications

The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally

The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally

Reassortant influenza A viruses in wild duck populations: effects on viral shedding and persistence in water

Infectious and Lethal Doses of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus for House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus) and Rock Pigeons (Columbia Livia)

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