Susceptibility of male reproductive system to bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor: Updates from epidemiological and experimental evidence

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an omnipresent environmental pollutant. Despite being restrictions in‐force for its utilization, it is widely being used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Direct, low‐dose, and long‐term exposure to BPA is expected when they are used in the packaging of food products and are used as containers for food consumption. Occupationally, workers are typically exposed to BPA at higher levels and for longer periods during the manufacturing process. BPA is a known endocrine disruptor chemical (EDC), that causes male infertility, which has a negative impact on human life from emotional, physical, and societal standpoints. To minimize the use of BPA in numerous consumer products, efforts and regulations are being made. Despite legislative limits in numerous nations, BPA is still found in consumer products. This paper examines BPA's overall male reproductive toxicity, including its impact on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐testicular (HPT) axis, hormonal homeostasis, testicular steroidogenesis, sperm parameters, reproductive organs, and antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, this paper highlighted the role of non‐monotonic dose–response (NMDR) in BPA exposure, which will help to improve the overall understanding of the harmful effects of BPA on the male reproductive system.

The Olfactory Receptor Olfr25 Mediates Sperm Dysfunction Induced by Low-Dose Bisphenol A through the CatSper-Ca2+ Signaling Pathway

“…As a typical environmental endocrine disruptor, BPA at a high dose is unanimously recognized to induce male reproductive toxicity in rodents and humans [ 60 , 61 ]. However, it remains controversial as to whether BPA at a low dose is toxic to the male reproductive system, and a general consensus cannot be reached.…”

Protective Effects of a Red Grape Juice Extract against Bisphenol A-Induced Toxicity in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

“…Several studies suggest that BPA has endocrine-disrupting properties and that it can be implied in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases mostly affecting reproductive systems [2,3], similar to other environmental pollutants [4], as well as cardiovascular systems [5]. In this frame, epidemiological studies reported that there is an association between exposure to BPA and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis [6], coronary and peripheral artery disease [7,8], myocardial infarction [9], and angina pectoris [10], as well as their risk factors, such as hypertension [11] and diabetes [12].…”