Susceptibility of Diabetic Patients to COVID-19 Infections: Clinico-Hematological and Complications Analysis

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 has become a global health threat resulting in a catastrophic spread and more than 3.8 million deaths worldwide. It has been suggested that there is a negative influence of diabetes mellites (DM), which is a complex chronic disease, on COVID-19 severe outcomes. Other factors in diabetic patients may also contribute to COVID-19 disease outcomes, such as older age, obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and other chronic conditions. Methods: A cohort study was conducted on the demographics, clinical information, and laboratory findings of the hospitalised COVID-19 with DM and non-DM patients were obtained from the medical records in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Saudi Arabia. Results: Among the study population, 108 patients had DM, and 433 were non-DM patients. Patients with DM were more likely to present symptoms such as fever (50.48%), anorexia (19.51%), dry cough (47.96%), shortness of breath (35.29%), chest pain (16.49%), and other symptoms. There was a significant decrease in the mean of haematological and biochemical parameters, such as haemoglobin, calcium, and alkaline phosphate in people with diabetes compared to non-diabetics and a considerable increase in other parameters, such as glucose, potassium, and cardiac troponin. Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, patients who have diabetes have a greater risk of developing more severe symptoms associated with COVID-19 disease. This could result in more patients being admitted to the intensive care unit as well as higher mortality rates.

Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Three-Year Retrospective Study

“…The heightened WBC count could indicate an acute inflammatory response triggered by the virus, countering the expected immunosuppressive state of T2D. While lymphocyte counts remain similar across groups, the increased WBC count in T2D patients could signify a compensatory mechanism or an atypical immune response to infection, as a previous study indicated that WBCs are more significant among patients with diabetes [37].…”

A Modeling Investigation of the Disease Severity Driven by COVID-19-Induced Diabetic Patients

“…Show that the basic reproduction number of the proposed model can bedetermined as ℛ 0 = 𝛽𝑆 0 [𝑝 1 𝛼 2 (𝜇+𝛿 1 +𝛾 1 )+𝛼 1 (𝜇+𝛿 2 +𝜆)] 𝑁(𝛼 1 +𝛼 2 +𝜇)(𝜇+𝛿 1 +𝛾 1 )(𝜇+𝛿 2 +𝜆).Proof: For determining the basic reproduction number, denoted by ℛ 0 , we have separated the model Eqs (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). into two groups: (i) disease-based compartments and (ii) disease-free compartments.…”

“…The rate at which co-infected individuals develop severe complications 0.75 [10] 𝛾 1 Recovery rate of infected class 1/14 [4] 𝛾 That means that the disease progression is higher among diabetic patients than non-diabetics causing rapid deterioration of those classes C and H. The number of recovered population also rises over time, peaks, and then falls as they lose immunity and become re-susceptible. Furthermore, we have an explicit formula for ℛ 0 that depends on ten parameters among which we cannot control 𝜇, 𝛿 1 , and 𝛿 2 .…”