Susceptibility of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to nonionic surfactants

Macek, Kenneth J.; Krzeminski, Stephen F.

doi:10.1007/bf01685354

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Commercial surfactants used commonly in the home and in industrial applications exhibit little toxicity to mammals but are relatively toxic to fish (23). Since these surfactants generally go through sewage treatment plants before entermg receiving waters containing aquatic life, the ability of the surfactants to be rendered harmless as a result of treatment is of major concern.…”

Section: Aquatic Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates

Kravetz

1981

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) is reviewed. Biodegradation test methods, ranging from laboratory tests to full-scale waste treatment plant studies are described for these surfactants. A comparison is made between primary and ultimate biodegradability criteria and the liminations of the various analytical methods used in these determinations are discussed. The most recently published data suggest sewage bacteria degrade AE by a mechanism which is different from that by which APE degrades. The use of radiolabeled surfactants to elicit more detailed information about the biodegradation mechanism of AE is described. The role of biodegradation on the impact of surfactants released to the environment is assessed, and future environmental concerns for nonionics are considered.

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Section: Aquatic Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates

Kravetz

1981

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…Acute toxicity of nonylphenol to fish, as measured by 48-to 96-h LC values, typically ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/liter (Ernst et al, 1980;McLeese et al, 1981;Holcombe et al, 1984;Yoshimura, 1986). Acute toxicity of nonylphenol polyethoxylates to fish typically ranges from 1 to 1000 mg/liter, with toxicity decreasing as ethoxylate chain length increases (Macek and Krzeminski, 1975;Yoshimura, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Altered Metabolic Elimination of Testosterone and Associated Toxicity Following Exposure ofDaphnia magnato Nonylphenol Polyethoxylate

Baldwin

Graham

Shea

et al. 1998

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…Daph nid EC50 values of 2.5 and 0.14 mg/L and rainbow trout LC50 values of 6.0 and 1.5 mg/L were obtained for NEODOL 91–2.5 and NEODOL 25–3, respectively (Shell Oil Company, unpublished data). Macek and Krzeminski [18] also reported an LC50 of 1.5 mg/L for bluegills exposed to 25–3. Similarly, for NEODOL 45–7, Lewis and Perry [19] obtained EC50 values ranging from 0.29 to 0.40 mg/L in a series of tests in which water hardness was varied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute toxicity and structure‐activity relationships of nine alcohol ethoxylate surfactants to fathead minnow and Daphnia magna

Wong

Dorn

Chai

1997

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Auatic toxicity of nine commercial‐grade alcohol ethoxylate surfactants was studied in acute exposures to fathead minnow (Pimephalespromelas) and Daphnia magna. All studies were conducted in accordance with USEPA TSCA Good Laboratory Practice Standards. Mean measured surfactant concentrations in the exposure solutions showed good agreement with nominal concentrations for both fathead minnow (R2 = 0.98, p = 0.05) and daphnid (R2 = 0.99, p = 0.05) tests. Surfactant recoveries ranged from 59 to 97% and 67 to 106% in the fathead minnow and daphnid solutions, respectively. Response of both species to the surfactants was generally similar. Surfactant toxicity tended to increase with increasing alkyl chain lengths. The effect of low average ethylene oxide (EO) groups on increased surfactant toxicity was more evident in the daphnid exposures. Quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed from the data, which relate surfactant structure to toxicity. The models predict increasing toxicity with decreasing EO number and increasing alkyl chain length. The models also indicate that average alkyl chain length has a greater effect on toxicity than average EO groups. Further, the models indicate that both species did not differ markedly in their response to alkyl chain length effects, while the number of EO groups had a stronger effect on daphnids than fathead minnow. Model‐predicted toxicity agreed well with toxicity estimated from USEPA alkyl ethoxylates SARs and with toxicity values reported in the literature for several surfactants previously studied.

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Susceptibility of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to nonionic surfactants

Cited by 29 publications

References 4 publications

Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates

Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates

Altered Metabolic Elimination of Testosterone and Associated Toxicity Following Exposure ofDaphnia magnato Nonylphenol Polyethoxylate

Acute toxicity and structure‐activity relationships of nine alcohol ethoxylate surfactants to fathead minnow and Daphnia magna

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