Susceptibility of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and wrasse (Labridae) to Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and the possibility of transmission of furunculosis from farmed salmon Salmo salar to marine fish

Hjeltnes, Brit; Bergh, Øivind; Wergeland, Heidrun I.; Holm, Jens Christian

doi:10.3354/dao023025

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

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Section: Principles Of Atlantic Halibut Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This epiflora seems to be dominated by members of the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Flexibacter group, whereas Vibrio spp. are less frequent (Hansen & Olafsen 1989, Bergh 1995. The composition of the intestinal bacterial flora associated with yolk-sac larvae resembles the egg epiflora, whereas a shift in the intestinal microflora from a generally nonfermentative towards a fermentative flora dominated by the Vibrio/Aeromonas group coincides with the onset of exogenous feeding (Bergh et al 1994, Bergh 1995.…”

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“…The mouth and anus are not open at hatching, and the only access from the environment to the intestine is through the pseudobranches (Pitttman et al 1990b). This is probably the route of entry for the first bacteria that colonise the intestine, as the halibut has a well-established intestinal flora even before active feeding commences (Bergh 1995).The duration of the yolk-sac stage, i.e. the time from hatching until the larva has developed sufficiently to start exogenous feeding, is extremely long for halibut, varying from 30 to 50 d, depending on temperature.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…live microbial food additives that improve the composition of the intestinal microflora (Fuller 1989) has gained increased attention in aquaculture in recent years (reviewed by Gatesoupe 1999). Bergh (1995) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in the intestine of halibut with the ability to inhibit growth of a pathogenic Vibrio sp. Using Artemia franciscana as a vector, we were able to demonstrate uptake of such strains in the intestine of halibut larvae by means of immunohistochemical staining (Ø. Bergh unpubl.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…are less frequent (Hansen & Olafsen 1989, Bergh 1995. The composition of the intestinal bacterial flora associated with yolk-sac larvae resembles the egg epiflora, whereas a shift in the intestinal microflora from a generally nonfermentative towards a fermentative flora dominated by the Vibrio/Aeromonas group coincides with the onset of exogenous feeding (Bergh et al 1994, Bergh 1995.The psychrophilic bacterium Flexibacter ovolyticus was isolated from halibut eggs that had suffered high mortality rates (Hansen et al 1992). It resembles the fish pathogen Flexibacter maritimus, but differs from the latter in a number of biochemical and physiological characteristics.…”

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Diseases, prophylaxis and treatment of the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus: a review

Bergh

Nilsen²,

Samuelsen³

2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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After substantial investments in research, the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus is now being cultivated commercially in Norway, Iceland, Scotland and Canada. As with other domesticated species, disease problems have been experienced. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of diseases of the Atlantic halibut, and their diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment. In economic terms, the most important losses have been suffered at the larval and juvenile stages. The most important infections are caused by nodaviruses, causative agents of Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER), which are the major reason why Norway's production of halibut fry has been level since 1995. An aquatic birnavirus, Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus, is also an important agent of mortality. Vibrio anguillarum, Flexibacter ovolyticus and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida are the major bacterial pathogens. The protozoan parasites recorded include Ichthyobodo sp., the microsporidium Enterocytozoon sp., Trichodina hippoglossi, and the metazoan pathogens include myxozoans, helminths, Entobdella hippoglossi, Lepeophtheirus hippoglossi and other parasitic copepods. Experimental vaccines have been tested against V. anguillarum and atypical A. salmonicida, with good results. A recombinant vaccine against nodaviruses is under development. A few trials have been carried out on non-specific immunostimulants, but no such treatment is currently available. A number of efficacy and pharmacokinetic trials with various antibacterial agents have also been published. KEY WORDS: Atlantic halibut · Diseases · Prophylaxis · Treatment Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 48: [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] 2001 unknown may accidentally compromise the defence systems of the host. Thirdly, disease conditions that may be common among wild fish are largely unrecognised by humans. However, in aquaculture systems the fish farmer will recognise signs of disease such as reduced growth, abnormal behaviour and increased mortality, all of which rapidly call for attention by veterinarians and scientists.The main challenge experienced by halibut farms has been to achieve adequate survival rates, particularly during the early life stages. Thus, since the early 1990s, the amount of experience and knowledge of diseases of viral, bacterial or parasitical etiology of the Atlantic halibut has grown significantly. The evidence for the importance of diseases that affect the early life stages, such as infections by birnaviruses (Biering et al. 1994), nodaviruses (Grotmol et al. 1995(Grotmol et al. , 1997, or various opportunistic bacteria (Bergh et al. 1992b) has now been demonstrated by different challenge experiments (Table 1).The parasite fauna of wild Atlantic halibut have not been widely studied, for which reason our knowledge of potential harmful parasites in farmed fish is limited. Studies of parasites on wild halibut have mainly concentrated on desc...

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Section: Principles Of Atlantic Halibut Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

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