Susceptibility Assessment of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria to Natural Products

Abstract

<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:</jats:title><jats:p> The aim of this study was to examine the effect of some natural compounds against multidrug-resistant bacteria. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:</jats:title><jats:p> Forty-three bacterial strains were collected. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were carried out for natural compounds including quercetin, Acacia nilotica, Syzygium aromaticum, and Holothuria atra. Scanning electron microscope analysis and bacterial DNA apoptosis assays were performed. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:</jats:title><jats:p> Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to imipenim, ampicillin, and penicillin. Most Escherichia coli strains were resistant to amoxicillin, clavulanat, and ampicillin. Finally, tigecycline was effective with Klebsiella pneumoniae and was resistant to all antibiotics. Only S aromaticum had an antibacterial effect on K pneumoniae. Most S aureus strains were sensitive to S aromaticum, A nilotica, and quercetin. All examined natural extracts had no effect on E coli. Holothuria atra had no effect on any of the strains tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for examined plants against S aureus were 6.25 to 12, 1.6 to 3.2, and 9.12 to 18.24 mg/mL, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum was active against K pneumoniae with an MIC of 12.5 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscope analysis performed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation showed bacterial strains with distorted shapes and severe cell wall damage. Syzygium aromaticum, quercetin, and A nilotica showed clear fragmentations of S aureus DNA. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:</jats:title><jats:p> Current findings confirmed the beneficial effect of using natural products such as clove (S aromaticum), quercetin, and A nilotica as a promising therapy to overcome multidrug resistant bacteria. </jats:p></jats:sec>

Review on the Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant-Derived Compounds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (MDR)

“…This classification is further split into several classes: tropanes, indole, purines, imidazole, pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, isoquinoline, piperidine, and quinolizidine [ 100 ]. More than 18,000 types of alkaloids were identified from different sources [ 101 ].…”

Potential Mechanisms of Quercetin Influence the ClfB Protein During Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus

“…Prior to determining whether QEN affected S. aureus biofilm formation, available literature revealed that the MBIC of QEN on the biofilm ranged from 9 μg/ml to 60 μg/ml (Amin et al, 2015;Júnior et al, 2018;Mohamed et al, 2020). Therefore, we established 0 μg/ml, 8 μg/ml, 16 μg/ml, 32 μg/ml, 64 μg/ml, 128 μg/ml concentrations gradient to examine their MBIC value .…”

The clove (Syzygium aromaticum) genome provides insights into the eugenol biosynthesis pathway

“…In addition, the list of selected gene candidates represents a starting point for further characterization of the putative biosynthetic enzymes. Eugenol is an important compound that affects the value of clove products and a biocompound with a high potential for human health benefits 21 , 53 – 56 . Additional studies on different organs (stems, peduncles, and roots) and specific anatomical structures (e.g., secretory cavities) will be required to further investigate the high eugenol accumulation in EO and its emission by the bud 57 .…”