Surviving historical Patagonian landscapes and climate: molecular insights from Galaxias maculatus

Abstract

BackgroundThe dynamic geological and climatic histories of temperate South America have played important roles in shaping the contemporary distributions and genetic diversity of endemic freshwater species. We use mitochondria and nuclear sequence variation to investigate the consequences of mountain barriers and Quaternary glacial cycles for patterns of genetic diversity in the diadromous fish Galaxias maculatus in Patagonia (~300 individuals from 36 locations).ResultsContemporary populations of G. maculatus, east and west of the Andes in Patagonia, represent a single monophyletic lineage comprising several well supported groups. Mantel tests using control region data revealed a strong positive relationship when geographic distance was modeled according to a scenario of marine dispersal. (r = 0.69, P = 0.055). By contrast, direct distance between regions was poorly correlated with genetic distance (r = -0.05, P = 0.463). Hierarchical AMOVAs using mtDNA revealed that pooling samples according to historical (pre-LGM) oceanic drainage (Pacific vs. Atlantic) explained approximately four times more variance than pooling them into present-day drainage (15.6% vs. 3.7%). Further post-hoc AMOVA tests revealed additional genetic structure between populations east and west of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (coastal vs. interior). Overall female effective population size appears to have remained relatively constant until roughly 0.5 Ma when population size rapidly increased several orders of magnitude [100× (60×-190×)] to reach contemporary levels. Maximum likelihood analysis of nuclear alleles revealed a poorly supported gene tree which was paraphyletic with respect to mitochondrial-defined haplogroups.ConclusionsFirst diversifying in the central/north-west region of Patagonia, G. maculatus extended its range into Argentina via the southern coastal regions that join the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. More recent gene flow between northern populations involved the most ancient and most derived lineages, and was likely facilitated by drainage reversal(s) during one or more cooling events of the late Pleistocene. Overall female effective population size represents the end result of a widespread and several hundred-fold increase over approximately 0.5 Ma, spanning several climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene. The minor influence of glacial cycles on the genetic structure and diversity of G. maculatus likely reflects the access to marine refugia during repeated bouts of global cooling. Evidence of genetic structure that was detected on a finer scale between lakes/rivers is most likely the result of both biological attributes (i.e., resident non-migratory behavior and/or landlocking and natal homing in diadromous populations), and the Coastal Cordillera as a dispersal barrier.

Glaciation Effects on the Phylogeographic Structure of Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in the Southern Andes

“…Several refugia have been proposed in southern and Patagonian Chile, east and west to the Andes [41], [56], [59], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68]. These results contrast with those of a recent study that proposed dispersal for several Patagonian sigmodontine taxa to higher latitudes from “single restricted sources” [69].…”

New Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) from the early Pliocene of the Buenos Aires province (Argentina) and its biogeographical implications

“…En relación a ello, por ejemplo, los galáxidos que habitan la Patagonia Meridional constituirían poblaciones alóctonas que colonizaron el área en tiempos recientes. durante la glaciación, los galáxidos posiblemente encontraron refugio en los ríos de la región oriental y luego habrían recolonizado dichos cuerpos de agua (cione & Barla, 2000;Zemlak et al, 2010). de este modo, la amplia dispersión e ingreso de los galáxidos en Patagonia también habrían sido eventos de data reciente.…”

Composición, origen y valor de conservación de la Ictiofauna del Río San Pedro (Cuenca del Río Valdivia, Chile)

“…Se han registrado diferencias en la morfología y número de vértebras entre poblaciones diádromas y residentes (McDowall 1972(McDowall , 2003Campos 1974, Zattara 2002, pero éstas no son completamente indicativas de una condición u otra (Cussac et al 2004). Recientemente, Zemlak et al (2010) describen evidencia de estructuración génica entre lagos y ríos, probablemente debida a atributos biológicos como el comportamiento migratorio o residente. Los mismos autores demuestran que las poblaciones de esta especie, provenientes de los lagos de la cuenca del río San Pedro, son fi logenéticamente más cercanas a las poblaciones de Argentina (cuencas de los ríos Limay y Manso), que a otras poblaciones cercanas en Chile, como el mismo río Valdivia.…”

“…Los mismos autores demuestran que las poblaciones de esta especie, provenientes de los lagos de la cuenca del río San Pedro, son fi logenéticamente más cercanas a las poblaciones de Argentina (cuencas de los ríos Limay y Manso), que a otras poblaciones cercanas en Chile, como el mismo río Valdivia. Tal patrón sería explicado por la reversión pretérita de cuencas con drenaje Atlántico hacia el Pacífi co (Zemlak et al 2010). En el río San Pedro G. maculatus tiene una distribución continua desde el desagüe del lago Riñihue hasta el río Calle-Calle.…”