Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment.

Roszak, D B; Colwell, Rita R.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.51.3.365-379.1987

Cited by 1,092 publications

(611 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…In this study, these changes were observed after only 96 hr incubation suggesting that this adaptation may be accelerated during the growth of the bacteria on the surfaces compared with growth in TYES broth, reflecting the environment stress experience by the bacteria during biofilm formation. This reduction in bacterial size during biofilm formation, which in mature stages of biofilm contained more damaged cells (dead or non-viable) than live cells, has also been reported by Roszak and Colwell (1987); Boulos, Prevost, Barbeau, Coallier, and Desjardins, (1999); Chmielewski and Frank (2003);and Fuster-Valls et al (2008). The results also suggest that high levels of humidity and the use of TYES broth could favour the adhesion and biofilm formation of F. psychrophilum.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Biofilm formation ofFlavobacterium psychrophilumon various substrates

et al. 2018

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The ability of Flavobacterium psychrophilum to adhere to and form biofilms on different types of materials used on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms was evaluated in this study. F. psychrophilum NCIMB 1947T, was inoculated onto a variety of different surfaces, including stainless steel, plastic, glass, wood, and zinc pyrithione encapsulated antibacterial plastic. The samples were then cultured in a humidified chamber or transferred into fish tanks containing either (1) freshwater or (2) filtered lake water. The formation of biofilms was quantified by fluorescent microscopy. F. psychrophilum formed biofilms on all of the surfaces tested; however, the adherence of the bacterium to the antibacterial plastic was much lower than the attachment observed on the other surfaces, illustrating the bacteriostatic properties of this material for F. psychrophilum. Moreover, bacterial numbers were greater on the surfaces maintained in lake water compared with those maintained in freshwater. The mineral composition of the lake water may have been responsible for the increased bacterial adherence observed between the two types of water. Treatment of the water, regular cleaning of equipment and the use of antimicrobial material to house the fish may help reduce biofilm formation by F. psychrophilum in fish farming systems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Biofilm formation ofFlavobacterium psychrophilumon various substrates

et al. 2018

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“…In the current study, E. coli recovered from forest soils represented mostly culturable (viable) cells; however, we are aware that a fraction of the cells cultured may represent recovery of stressed or viable but non-culturable (VBNC) organisms, upon reversion, under favourable environmental conditions, such as available moisture, nutrients and optimal temperature; the re-wetting experiment supports this observation. Over the years, the VBNC state has been recognized as an important adaptive strategy employed by bacteria for long-term survival in the external environment (Roszak and Colwell, 1987). Thus, based on our findings, we conclude that E. coli is a common component of the natural soil microflora in the Dunes Creek forest soils.…”

Section: Second Discriminantsupporting

confidence: 64%

Population structure, persistence, and seasonality of autochthonous Escherichia coli in temperate, coastal forest soil from a Great Lakes watershed

Byappanahalli

Whitman

Shively

et al. 2006

Environmental Microbiology

187

185

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The common occurrence of Escherichia coli in temperate soils has previously been reported, however, there are few studies to date to characterize its source, distribution, persistent capability and genetic diversity. In this study, undisturbed, forest soils within six randomly selected 0.5 m2 exclosure plots (covered by netting of 2.3 mm2 mesh size) were monitored from March to October 2003 for E. coli in order to describe its numerical and population characteristics. Culturable E. coli occurred in 88% of the samples collected, with overall mean counts of 16 MPN g(-1), ranging from < 1 to 1657 (n = 66). Escherichia coli counts did not correlate with substrate moisture content, air, or soil temperatures, suggesting that seasonality were not a strong factor in population density control. Mean E. coli counts in soil samples (n = 60) were significantly higher inside than immediately outside the exclosures; E. coli distribution within the exclosures was patchy. Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (Rep-PCR) demonstrated genetic heterogeneity of E. coli within and among exclosure sites, and the soil strains were genetically distinct from animal (E. coli) strains tested (i.e. gulls, terns, deer and most geese). These results suggest that E. coli can occur and persist for extended periods in undisturbed temperate forest soils independent of recent allochthonous input and season, and that the soil E. coli populations formed a cohesive phylogenetic group in comparison to the set of fecal strains with which they were compared. Thus, in assessing E. coli sources within a stream, it is important to differentiate background soil loadings from inputs derived from animal and human fecal contamination.

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“…The potential of flow cytometry is much greater than a simple counting technique; it constitutes a n exceptional method of studying bacteria in situ in the aquatic environment by the rapid integration of different physical and biological parameters measured simultaneously and in flow. Flow cytometry may prove to be an excellent method to describe biological phenomena of bacteria (activity, survival, dormancy) as they exist a t the cellular level in aquatic ecosystems (7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy for counting bacteria in aquatic ecosystems

Monfort

Baleux

1992

Cytometry

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Flow cytometry was used to count bac-of this study showed that flow cytometry terial cells from diverse origins: one was a reliable technique for counting a strain of E. coli, one sample of lake water, mixture of bacteria in samples from and 18 samples of estuary water. To verify the accuracy and the precision of this technique, total bacteria counts made by flow cytometry were compared with counts by direct observation using epifluorescence microscopy. The results aquatic ecosystems.Key terms: Bacteria, enumeration, flow cytometry, epifluorescence microscopy, aquatic ecosystems Bacterial abundances in water samples are usually estimated by the indirect method of growing the bacterial cells in culture medium. The selective specificity of culture media can permit both the counting and the qualification of a certain population of bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli) among a bacterial community. Even the least specific culture media is still selective with respect to total bacterial cell numbers in a sample. For example, a nutrient agar allows only the growth of heterotrophic bacteria. However, the selective pressure of the culture media (e.g., the presence of 2-3-5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride towards E . coli) can prohibit the development of a certain number of cells that are stressed but not dead, and that should develop in the medium. Thus there is a n underestimation of bacterial abundance. A second, more direct method to estimate bacterial populations is the technique of epifluorescence microscopy. Coupled with a fluorochrome dye to stain cells, epifluorescence microscopy allows the enumeration of all bacterial cells in a water sample. This direct counting method is especially important in bacterial ecology for determining total bacterial numbers in aquatic ecosystems. However, this method is both time consuming and tedious if one is to have a high level of precision in the estimation of bacterial abundances (12). The technique of flow cytometry permits the quantification of physical and biochemical aspects of individual cells. This technique has been verified for the analysis of reference bacterial populations using fluorochrome dyes (ethydium bromide and mithramycin) (10, 11) and for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in milk, blood, and cooling tower waters using fluorescent antibodies and fluorochrome dyes (1,3,13). Recently, flow cytometry has been used to characterize bacterial communities in aquatic ecosystems according to cell size and relative DNA content (6).

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Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment.

Cited by 1,092 publications

References 95 publications

Biofilm formation ofFlavobacterium psychrophilumon various substrates

Biofilm formation ofFlavobacterium psychrophilumon various substrates

Population structure, persistence, and seasonality of autochthonous Escherichia coli in temperate, coastal forest soil from a Great Lakes watershed

Comparison of flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy for counting bacteria in aquatic ecosystems

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