Survival on uncommon fomites of feline calicivirus, a surrogate of noroviruses

Clay, Stefanie; Maherchandani, Sunil; Malik, Yashpal Singh; Goyal, Sagar M.

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.05.013

Cited by 74 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The virus can also persist in the environment for several days to several weeks on dried surfaces at room temperature, and longer in colder wetter conditions [12,23,24]. Indirect transmission can therefore occur, especially within the close confines of a cattery where secretions may contaminate cages, feeding and cleaning utensils or personnel.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline calicivirus

et al. 2007

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-Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important and highly prevalent pathogen of cats. It belongs to the family Caliciviridae which includes other significant pathogens of man and animals. As an RNA virus, high polymerase error rates convey upon FCV a high genome plasticity, and allow the virus to respond rapidly to environmental selection pressures. This makes the virus very adaptable and has important implications for clinical disease and its control. Being genetically diverse, FCV is associated with a range of clinical syndromes from inapparent infections to relatively mild oral and upper respiratory tract disease with or without acute lameness. More recently, highly virulent forms of the virus have emerged associated with a systemic infection that is frequently fatal. A proportion of FCV infected cats that recover from acute disease, remain persistently infected. In such cats, virus evolution is believed to help the virus to evade the host immune response. Such longterm carriers may only represent a minority of the feline population but are likely to be crucial to the epidemiology of the virus. Vaccination against FCV has been available for many years and has effectively reduced the incidence of clinical disease. However, the vaccines do not prevent infection and vaccinated cats can still become persistently infected. In addition, FCV strain variability means that not all strains are protected against equally. Much progress has been made in understanding the biology and pathogenesis of this important feline virus. Challenges for the future will necessarily focus on how to control the variability of this virus particularly in relation to emerging virulent strains and vaccination.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline calicivirus

et al. 2007

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“…The dissemination of NoV gastroenteritis via contaminated surfaces in normal living and working environments is well documented and suggests that NoVs are able to persist under these conditions (Clay et al 2006;Green et al 1998;Jones et al 2007;Rze_ zutka and Cook 2004). However, no study yet has determined the infectiousness of NoV on food-contact surfaces or fomites over time under different environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Norovirus are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in community and in semi-closed settings (Clay et al 2006). The dissemination of NoV gastroenteritis via contaminated surfaces in normal living and working environments is well documented and suggests that NoVs are able to persist under these conditions (Clay et al 2006;Green et al 1998;Jones et al 2007;Rze_ zutka and Cook 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The validity of the FCV model is certainly open to question because it is a respiratory rather than enteric virus and unstable under acidic and environmental conditions (Cannon et al 2006;Hewitt and Greening 2004). Based on this model, Clay et al (2006) suggested that human NoV can survive on common fomites (telephone, computer, faucets, and so on) and that these may have a major role in the spread of NoV gastroenteritis. Recently, we have developed a new method that combines enzymatic digestion and molecular beacon-based NASBA for the specific detection of ''putatively infectious human NoV '' or pi-NoV (Lamhoujeb et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In many outbreaks, viruses were transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected persons, via food or by air (Koopmans et al 2002). Food-contact surfaces have been found to play an important role in the transmission of NoV infections (Clay et al 2006;Daniels et al 2000). In a recent report regarding a NoV outbreak among three consecutive groups of houseboaters in Arizona, Jones et al (2007) demonstrated the potential role of widespread surface contamination in confined spaces in virus contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Molecular Study of the Persistence of Infectious Human Norovirus on Food-Contact Surfaces

et al. 2009

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH) and temperature on norovirus (NoV) persistence as infectious particles on food-contact surfaces such as stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). For this purpose, a new method combining enzymatic digestion with molecular beacon-based NASBA targeting the ORF1-ORF2 domain was developed to discriminate between infectious and noninfectious NoV. Stainless steel and PVC disks were contaminated with known amounts of human NoV and kept for 56 days at 7 and 20°C at high (86% ± 4%) and low (30% ± 10%) RH. NoV retained its putative infectivity for 56 days on PVC and for 49 days on stainless steel at 7°C and for 7 and 28 days, respectively, at low and high RH at 20°C on both tested surfaces. These results confirm that NoV persists in an infective state on inert surfaces for long periods of time and consequently may cause illness. The new molecular approach to detecting infectious NoV on inert surfaces may provide valuable information for evaluating environmental surface decontamination strategies.

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