Survival of Xanthomonas campestris in Soil

Occurrence and Diversity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Vegetable Brassica Fields in Nepal

“…The disease is frequently overlooked by farmers and extension 6 workers, who observe symptoms, but mistakenly think they are related to natural plant 7 senescence. The increased and almost continuous production of Brassica crops in some 8 areas, the ability of Xcc to spread by seed movement (42) and rain splash (43) and to 9 survive in plant debris left in the field (24), may cause build up and maintenance of 10 inoculum, thereby increasing the impact of the disease in the future, unless appropriate 11 control measures are adopted. 12 A significant proportion of cabbage seed is imported to Nepal (32), and it is important to 13…”

The Genus Xanthomonas

“…All available evidence leads to the conclusion that xanthomonads do not survive in the soil for indefinitely long periods of time. This opinion is based on the diminishing recoverability of xanthomonads added to the soil as cultures (Schaad and White, 1974b), on variously vain and successful attempts-summarized by Schuster and Coyne (1974)-to isolate xanthomonads from soil into which infected plant debris had been deposited (Goto, Ohta, and Okabe, 1975b), and on the success of crop rotation as a method of controlling some plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas spp. (Schaad and White, 1974b).…”

“…This opinion is based on the diminishing recoverability of xanthomonads added to the soil as cultures (Schaad and White, 1974b), on variously vain and successful attempts-summarized by Schuster and Coyne (1974)-to isolate xanthomonads from soil into which infected plant debris had been deposited (Goto, Ohta, and Okabe, 1975b), and on the success of crop rotation as a method of controlling some plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas spp. (Schaad and White, 1974b). The period of survival in the soil reported for various xanthomonads ranges from a few weeks to a few years, a period depending on the system being studied as well as on the environmental conditions and bacteriological procedures (Schuster and Coyne, 1974).…”

“…By 5 days, the colonies were 3 mm in diam, mucoid, glistening, convex, circular with entire margins, and translucent with bluish-purple centers; the starch digestion zone had a diam of 8-10 mm." This SX agar served adequately for its primary purpose, enumeration ofXanthomonas campestris in a study on the survival of this xanthomonad in soil (Schaad and White, 1974b). Strains ofX.…”

Spatio‐temporal development of black rot (X. campestris pv. campestris) in cabbage in relation to initial inoculum levels in field plots in The Netherlands

“…An important factor in the epidemiology of black rot is the initial inoculum. Soil-borne (Schaad & White, 1974;Alvarez & Cho, 1978;Ruissen et al, 1990), seed-borne (Schaad et al, 1980) and weed-borne (Schaad & Dianese, 1981) sources of inoculum have been studied. The quantitative relationship between inoculum from infected plants present in fields and epidemic development of black rot in cabbage (foliar symptoms) under field conditions has not been established conclusively.…”