Survival of viruses in groundwater

Jansons, J.; Edmonds, Lindsay W.; Speight, Brent; Bucens, Marion R.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(89)90095-x

Cited by 41 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Based on our experimental analysis and previous reports in the literature (15,24,25,56), first-order kinetics of viral infectivity reduction was assumed. Plaque assay-based infectivity reduction rates (log 10 PFU/day) were obtained for all virus-seeded samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater

Bae

Schwab

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

320

255

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Human noroviruses (NoVs) are a significant cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated drinking water a potential transmission route. The absence of a cell culture infectivity model for NoV necessitates the use of molecular methods and/or viral surrogate models amenable to cell culture to predict NoV inactivation. The NoV surrogates murine NoV (MNV), feline calicivirus (FCV), poliovirus (PV), and male-specific coliphage MS2, in conjunction with Norwalk virus (NV), were spiked into surface water samples (n ‫؍‬ 9) and groundwater samples (n ‫؍‬ 6). Viral persistence was monitored at 25°C and 4°C by periodically analyzing virus infectivity (for all surrogate viruses) and nucleic acid (NA) for all tested viruses. FCV infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than those of the other surrogate viruses. Infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than NA reduction rates at 25°C (0.18 and 0.09 log 10 /day for FCV, 0.13 and 0.10 log 10 /day for PV, 0.12 and 0.06 log 10 /day for MS2, and 0.09 and 0.05 log 10 /day for MNV) but not significant at 4°C. According to a multiple linear regression model, the NV NA reduction rates (0.04 ؎ 0.01 log 10 /day) were not significantly different from the NA reduction rates of MS2 (0.05 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) and MNV (0.04 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) and were significantly different from those of FCV (0.08 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) and PV (0.09 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) at 25°C. In conclusion, MNV shows great promise as a human NoV surrogate due to its genetic similarity and environmental stability. FCV was much less stable and thus questionable as an adequate surrogate for human NoVs in surface water and groundwater.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater

Bae

Schwab

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

320

255

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“…Penetration to depths as great as 67 m and horizontal migration as far as 408 m in glacial till and 1,600 m in fractured limestone have been reported (38,50). Viruses can persist for several months in soils and groundwater when temperatures are low and soils are moist (35,50,58,65). Enteric viruses are shed in enormous quantities in feces (10 9 to 10 10 /g) and have an infectious dose on the order of tens to hundreds of virions (23,44), so that even an 8-log reduction in virus concentration during transport could still result in infectious virus present in potable groundwater.…”

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confidence: 99%

Incidence of Enteric Viruses in Groundwater from Household Wells in Wisconsin

Borchardt

Bertz

Spencer

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

232

157

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Recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in Wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. Fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), followed by Southern hybridization, was used to detect enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs). In addition, cell culture was used to detect culturable enteroviruses. Companion water samples were collected for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages, nitrate, and chloride analyses. Among the 50 wells, four (8%) were positive for viruses by RT-PCR. Three wells were positive for HAV, and the fourth well was positive for both rotavirus and NLV in one sample and an enterovirus in another sample. Contamination was transient, since none of the wells was virus positive for two sequential samples. Culturable enteroviruses were not detected in any of the wells. Water quality indicators were not statistically associated with virus occurrence, although some concordance was noted for chloride. The present study is the first in the United States to systematically monitor private household wells for virus contamination and, combined with data for public wells, provides further insight on the extent of groundwater contamination with human enteric viruses.

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“…Temperature is the most important factor that influences virus inactivation (Hurst et al,1980;Yates et al, 1985Yates et al, , 1987. Inactivation rates increase with temperature (Hurst et al, 1980;Yates et al, 1985;Jansons et al, 1989;Nasser et al, 1993;Yahya et al, 1993;Blanc and Nasser, 1996). (2000) compared the dependence of the inactivation rate coefficient on temperature for a number of bacteriophages, using data from several studies.…”

Section: Inactivation a Virus Inactivation During Saturated Subsurfamentioning

confidence: 98%

Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and Toxins Using Riverbank Filtration

Schijven¹,

Berger²,

Miettinen

Riverbank Filtration

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Survival of viruses in groundwater

Cited by 41 publications

References 18 publications

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater

Incidence of Enteric Viruses in Groundwater from Household Wells in Wisconsin

Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and Toxins Using Riverbank Filtration

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