Survival of Viral Biowarfare Agents in Disinfected Waters

Wade, Mary Margaret; Chambers, Amanda E.; Insalaco, Joseph M.; Zulich, Alan W.

doi:10.1155/2010/412694

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Water disinfection is routinely used to provide potable water, and reinforced measures may be used temporarily in relation to a specific threat (either increased pollution due to extreme natural causes or suspicion of intentional release of biowarfare agents). In such cases, the efficiency of water treatments needs to be evaluated against viral agents [6].…”

Section: Experimental Studies: Goals Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, there has been an increase in respiratory diseases linked to viruses carried by waterfowl, such as influenza [1,20,21], and studies on these viruses have been increasingly numerous. Likewise, following the terrorist threats of the early 2000s, more studies have been dedicated to potential biowarfare agents [6,22].…”

Section: Experimental Studies: Goals Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other factors responsible for increased viral inactivation include the presence of disinfectants such as chlorine [6,12,22,37], extreme pH [20,37], copper [37], or aeration [32]. The impacts of some factors, such as water hardness, are less firmly proven [3].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Virus Survivalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival of Viruses in Water

Pinon

Vialette²

2018

Intervirology

140

111

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Water, a frequent vehicle for the transmission of viruses, may permit their survival, but many environmental factors will have an adverse effect on the viral population. Risk evaluation requires identification of these factors and assessment of the inactivation rate of infectious viruses. A higher temperature means a faster reduction of the viral population, as do increased sunlight, higher antimicrobial concentration, or higher oxygen levels. Another documented impact is linked to the presence of indigenous microbial populations: virus survival is higher in sterile water. Environmental factors inactivate viruses through direct or indirect action on one part of the viral structure: genome, capsid, or envelope if present. Viral populations also have resistance mechanisms, generally involving physical shielding from adverse effects; such protective behaviors include aggregation, adhesion, or internalization inside living structures. Because of these phenomena, inactivation kinetics may deviate from traditional log-linear shapes. It is therefore important to account for all factors that may impact on survival, to carefully design experiments to ensure sufficient data, and to select the right modelling approach. Comparison between studies is difficult. It is suggested that laboratory studies include standard conditions of water, and analyze the impact of different factors as precisely as possible. Larger studies in natural environments, though more difficult, are also much needed.

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Section: Experimental Studies: Goals Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Studies: Goals Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival of Viruses in Water

Pinon

Vialette²

2018

Intervirology

140

111

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“…Formulated tap water was prepared following our previously published method [ 7 ]. Briefly, approximately 500 mL of ASTM Type I deionized water was added to a one-liter volumetric flask to which each stock solution was added to achieve the desired final concentration and the total volume was brought to one liter with deionized water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorine stock was prepared following our previously published method [ 7 ]. Briefly, one gram of calcium hypochlorite was added to twenty milliliters of ASTM Type I deionized water and shaken vigorously for one to two minutes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Handheld Assays for the Detection of Ricin and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Disinfected Waters

Wade

Biggs

Insalaco

et al. 2011

International Journal of Microbiology

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Development of a rapid field test is needed capable of determining if field supplies of water are safe to drink by the warfighter during a military operation. The present study sought to assess the effectiveness of handheld assays (HHAs) in detecting ricin and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) in water. Performance of HHAs was evaluated in formulated tap water with and without chlorine, reverse osmosis water (RO) with chlorine, and RO with bromine. Each matrix was prepared, spiked with ricin or SEB at multiple concentrations, and then loaded onto HHAs. HHAs were allowed to develop and then read visually. Limits of detection (LOD) were determined for all HHAs in each water type. Both ricin and SEB were detected by HHAs in formulated tap water at or below the suggested health effect levels of 455 ng/mL and 4.55 ng/mL, respectively. However, in brominated or chlorinated waters, LODs for SEB increased to approximately 2,500 ng/mL. LODs for ricin increased in chlorinated water, but still remained below the suggested health effect level. In brominated water, the LOD for ricin increased to approximately 2,500 ng/mL. In conclusion, the HHAs tested were less effective at detecting ricin and SEB in disinfected water, as currently configured.

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The Current Multicountry Monkeypox Outbreak: What Water Professionals Should Know

Maal‐Bared¹,

Gerba

Bibby

et al. 2022

ACS EST Water

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Recent water sector safety concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the need for industry-focused reviews of emerging pathogens to support evidence-based utility decision-making. Between May 7 and August 20, 2022, more than 41 358 cases of human monkeypox were reported globally from over 87 countries in which the disease is not endemic. Given that the presence and persistence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in feces, water, and wastewater has not been investigated, we summarize the available evidence on MPXV and related orthopoxviruses to provide sector-wide recommendations and identify knowledge gaps. On the basis of the information available to date, this outbreak is unlikely to pose an exposure and transmission risk from wastewater, biosolids, or water due to the absence of any evidence to date that suggests that infectious MPXV is present in wastewater or biosolids or has caused human cases, clusters, or outbreaks from exposure to these sources. In addition, remaining smallpox vaccine immunity in the population, availability of vaccines and treatments, susceptibility of poxviruses to disinfection (e.g., UV and chlorine), and evidence from health care confirming the efficacy of infection control measures all suggest that current treatment and recommended wastewater worker protection practices are sufficient to protect public and occupational health.

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Survival of Viral Biowarfare Agents in Disinfected Waters

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Survival of Viruses in Water

Survival of Viruses in Water

Evaluation of Handheld Assays for the Detection of Ricin and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Disinfected Waters

The Current Multicountry Monkeypox Outbreak: What Water Professionals Should Know

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