Survival of Patient With Hemorrhagic Meningitis Associated With Inhalation Anthrax

Espinosa, Evelyn Lombarte; Usón, María Cruz Villuendas; García, Jorge Arribas; García, Isabel Jado; Lacunza, Rafael Huarte; Chug, P. Zárate; Vega, Luis Manuel Claraco; Andrés, María Jesús Santed; Ríos, María Jiménez; Cook, Rachel; Simard, J. Marc; Boyer, Anne; Rezusta, Antonio

doi:10.1093/cid/ciac531

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The key to effectively managing inhalational anthrax appears to be the prompt introduction of antibiotics and vigorous supportive care [121]. Other techniques, such as chest tube drainage for recurrent hemorrhagic pleural effusions, can result in good clinical improvement [122].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthrax disease burden: Impact on animal and human health

Khairullah,

Kurniawan,

Effendi

et al. 2024

Int J One Health

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Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to current knowledge, the disease originates in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Egypt and Mesopotamia. Laboratory tests involving direct staining or culture of samples taken from malignant pustules, sputum, blood, or patient discharge must be performed to establish a diagnosis. B. anthracis infection can enter the body through the skin, mouth, or nose. Human infection is usually caused by contact with infected animals or animal products. Anthrax causes a reduction in resource efficiency and decreases livestock productivity. B. anthracis spores are resistant to extreme temperatures, pressure, pH, drying, solvents, and ultraviolet light. The biological weapon of this disease may be fatal if it is designed to spread B. anthracis spores by aerosols. In the past, the treatment of human anthrax with penicillin at a high dose was the preferred method. The public can take several measures to prevent anthrax infection, such as purchasing and consuming meat that has been legally certified to have been slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, consuming healthy and properly cooked animal meat, and washing hands with antiseptic soap after handling, processing, and cooking animal products. This review aimed to describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, potential as a bio-warfare agent, treatment, and control of anthrax. Keywords: animal health, anthrax, human health, infectious disease.

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthrax disease burden: Impact on animal and human health

Khairullah,

Kurniawan,

Effendi

et al. 2024

Int J One Health

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“…The meeting attendees listened to presentations on anthrax clinical features (38), optimal antimicrobial drug treatment and PEP from both an efficacy (in vitro, in vivo, and observational clinical data) and safety standpoint (34,35,39,42,46,47), the value and use of antitoxins (37,39,(48)(49)(50), and methods to rapidly identify and optimally treat anthrax meningitis (39)(40)(41)51,52). The attendees then provided individual expert opinions on proposed edits to previous antimicrobial drug and antitoxin PEP and treatment guidelines.…”

Section: Review Of the Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, patients who received mannitol had higher odds of survival than those who did not (OR = 24.00; 95% CI = 1.66-347.85). For example, two of the rare survivors of anthrax meningitis received mannitol or mannitol with hyperosmolar therapy (49,97). In addition, bacterial meningitis studies in animal models found that 3% hypertonic saline reduces intracranial pressure, improves cerebral perfusion pressure, inhibits aquaporin-4 expression, reduces cerebral edema, and attenuates neuronal injury.…”

Section: Cerebral Edema In Anthrax Meningitismentioning

confidence: 99%

CDC Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax, 2023

Bower,

Yu,

Person

et al. 2023

MMWR Recomm. Rep.

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This report updates previous CDC guidelines and recommendations on preferred prevention and treatment regimens regarding naturally occurring anthrax. Also provided are a wide range of alternative regimens to first-line antimicrobial drugs for use if patients have contraindications or intolerances or after a wide-area aerosol release of Bacillus anthracis spores if resources become limited or a multidrug-resistant B. anthracis strain is used (

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Anthrax Meningoencephalitis and Intracranial Hemorrhage

Caffes

Hendricks

Bradley

et al. 2022

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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The neurological sequelae of Bacillus anthracis infection include a rapidly progressive fulminant meningoencephalitis frequently associated with intracranial hemorrhage, including subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Higher mortality than other forms of bacterial meningitis suggests that antimicrobials and cardiopulmonary support alone may be insufficient and that strategies targeting the hemorrhage might improve outcomes. In this review, we describe the toxic role of intracranial hemorrhage in anthrax meningoencephalitis. We first examine the high incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with anthrax meningoencephalitis. We then review common diseases that present with intracranial hemorrhage, including aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, postulating applicability of established and potential neurointensive treatments to the multimodal management of hemorrhagic anthrax meningoencephalitis. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of minocycline, an antimicrobial that is effective against B. anthracis and that has been shown in preclinical studies to have neuroprotective properties, which thus might be repurposed for this historically fatal disease.

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Survival of Patient With Hemorrhagic Meningitis Associated With Inhalation Anthrax

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Anthrax disease burden: Impact on animal and human health

Anthrax disease burden: Impact on animal and human health

CDC Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax, 2023

Anthrax Meningoencephalitis and Intracranial Hemorrhage

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