Survival of Murine Norovirus, Tulane Virus, and Hepatitis A Virus on Alfalfa Seeds and Sprouts during Storage and Germination

Wang, Qing; Hirneisen, Kirsten A.; Markland, Sarah M.; Kniel, Kalmia E.

doi:10.1128/aem.01704-13

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…While the use of human subjects is clearly optimal for at least certain areas of human NoV research, it has its own limitations including the time-consuming and highly regulated processes associated with human subject research, the unknown preexposure history of the volunteers, the restricted sampling procedures, the associated cost and facilities, and the lack of cell culture system for the analysis of clinical samples. (Cromeans et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2013). However, the major value of the ReCV/macaque model over the other surrogate models is its human NoV-like diversity and this point should not be ignored.…”

Section: Closing Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Farkas

2015

Journal of General Virology

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Human noroviruses are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the lack of an efficient human norovirus cell culture system coupled with an animal model, human norovirus research mainly relies on human volunteer studies and surrogate models. Current models either utilize human norovirus-infected animals including the gnotobiotic pig or calf and the chimpanzee models, or employ other members of the family Caliciviridae including cell culture propagable surrogate caliciviruses such as the feline calicivirus, murine norovirus and most recently the Tulane virus. One of the major features of human noroviruses is their extreme biological diversity, including genetic, antigenic and histo-blood group antigen binding diversity, and possible differences of virulence and environmental stability. This extreme biological diversity and its effect on intervention/prevention strategies cannot be modelled by uniform groups of surrogates, much less by single isolates. Tulane virus, the prototype recovirus strain, was discovered in 2008. Since then, several other novel recoviruses have been described and cell culture adapted. Recent studies indicate that the epidemiology, the biological features and diversity of recoviruses and the course of infection and clinical disease in recovirus-infected macaques more closely reflect those properties of human noroviruses than any of the current surrogates. This review aims to summarize what is currently known about recoviruses, highlight their biological similarities to human noroviruses and discuss applications of the model in addressing questions relevant for human norovirus research.

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Section: Closing Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Farkas

2015

Journal of General Virology

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“…Many studies comparing FCV and MNV with or without other surrogates, such as MS2 coliphage and hepatitis A virus, as well as human norovirus (using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR [RT-qPCR]), have been published (4,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). However, because MNV is highly sensitive to alcohols (18), the focus has expanded to cultivable calici-viruses such as TuV (14,(25)(26)(27)(28) and to porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC), a genogroup III (GIII) sapovirus (29,30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Comparison of Cultivable Norovirus Surrogates in Response to Different Inactivation and Disinfection Treatments

Cromeans

Park

Costantini

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

172

174

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g Human norovirus is the leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis. Since no cell culture method for human norovirus exists, cultivable surrogate viruses (CSV), including feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC), and Tulane virus (TuV), have been used to study responses to inactivation and disinfection methods. We compared the levels of reduction in infectivities of CSV and Aichi virus (AiV) after exposure to extreme pHs, 56°C heating, alcohols, chlorine on surfaces, and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), using the same matrix and identical test parameters for all viruses, as well as the reduction of human norovirus RNA levels under these conditions. At pH 2, FCV was inactivated by 6 log 10 units, whereas MNV, TuV, and AiV were resistant. All CSV were completely inactivated at 56°C within 20 min. MNV was inactivated 5 log 10 units by alcohols, in contrast to 2 and 3 log 10 units for FCV and PEC, respectively. TuV and AiV were relatively insensitive to alcohols. FCV was reduced 5 log 10 units by 1,000 ppm chlorine, in contrast to 1 log 10 unit for the other CSV. All CSV except FCV, when dried on stainless steel surfaces, were insensitive to 200 ppm chlorine. HHP completely inactivated FCV, MNV, and PEC at >300 MPa, and TuV at 600 MPa, while AiV was completely resistant to HHP up to 800 MPa. By reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), genogroup I (GI) noroviruses were more sensitive than GII noroviruses to alcohols, chlorine, and HHP. Although inactivation profiles were variable for each treatment, TuV and MNV were the most resistant CSV overall and therefore are the best candidates for studying the public health outcomes of norovirus infections.

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“…A challenge of rhesus monkeys with in vitro-cultivated TV resulted in intestinal infection with mild gastroenteritis, indicating that TV is an enteric pathogen (12). Because the TV also recognizes the HBGAs like NoVs (13), it has been used as a surrogate for human NoVs (14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tulane Virus Recognizes the A Type 3 and B Histo-Blood Group Antigens

Zhang

Huang

Zou

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Tulane virus (TV), the prototype of the Recovirus genus in the calicivirus family, was isolated from the stools of rhesus monkeys and can be cultivated in vitro in monkey kidney cells. TV is genetically closely related to the genus Norovirus and recognizes the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), similarly to human noroviruses (NoVs), making it a valuable surrogate for human NoVs. However, the precise structures of HBGAs recognized by TV remain elusive. In this study, we performed binding and blocking experiments on TV with extended HBGA types and showed that, while TV binds all four types (types 1 to 4) of the B antigens, it recognizes only the A type 3 antigen among four types of A antigens tested. The requirements for HBGAs in TV replication were demonstrated by blocking of TV replication in cell culture using the A type 3/4 and B saliva samples. Similar results were also observed in oligosaccharide-based blocking assays. Importantly, the previously reported, unexplained increase in TV replication by oligosaccharide in cell-based blocking assays has been clarified, which will facilitate the application of TV as a surrogate for human NoVs. IMPORTANCEOur understanding of the role of HBGAs in NoV infection has been significantly advanced in the past decade, but direct evidence for HBGAs as receptors for human NoVs remains lacking due to a lack of a cell culture method. TV recognizes HBGAs and can replicate in vitro, providing a valuable surrogate for human NoVs. However, TV binds to some but not all saliva samples from A-positive individuals, and an unexplained observation of synthetic oligosaccharide blocking of TV binding has been reported. These issues have been resolved in this study.

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Survival of Murine Norovirus, Tulane Virus, and Hepatitis A Virus on Alfalfa Seeds and Sprouts during Storage and Germination

Cited by 30 publications

References 53 publications

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Comprehensive Comparison of Cultivable Norovirus Surrogates in Response to Different Inactivation and Disinfection Treatments

Tulane Virus Recognizes the A Type 3 and B Histo-Blood Group Antigens

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