Survival of Influenza Virus on Banknotes

Thomas, Yves; Vogel, Guido; Wunderli, Werner; Suter, Patricia; Witschi, Mark; Koch, Daniel; Tapparel, Caroline; Kaiser, Laurent

doi:10.1128/aem.00076-08

Cited by 158 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The results from this study contradict those from previously published research. For example, it has previously been demonstrated that there is an increased persistence of influenza A virus in the presence of mucus (25,26). However, in our study, the sample matrix (e.g., viral medium, FBS, mucin) did not influence influenza A virus persistence, which was also demonstrated by Coulliette et al (22).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces

Perry

Coulliette

Rose

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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As annual influenza epidemics continue to cause significant morbidity and economic burden, an understanding of viral persistence and transmission is critical for public health officials and health care workers to better protect patients and their family members from infection. The infectivity and persistence of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains (A/New Caledonia/20/1999 and A/Brisbane/59/2007) on stainless steel (SS) surfaces were evaluated using three different surface matrices (2% fetal bovine serum, 5 mg/ml mucin, and viral medium) under various absolute humidity conditions (4.1 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 6.5 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 7.1 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 11.4 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 11.2 ؋ 10 5 mPa, and 17.9 ؋ 10 5 mPa) for up to 7 days. Influenza A virus was deposited onto SS coupons (7.07 cm 2 ) and recovered by agitation and sonication in viral medium. Viral persistence was quantified using a tissue culturebased enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the median (50%) tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50 ) of infectious virus per coupon. Overall, both strains of influenza A virus remained infectious on SS coupons, with an approximate 2 log 10 loss over 7 days. Factors that influenced viral persistence included absolute humidity, strain-absolute humidity interaction, and time (P < 0.01). Further studies on the transfer of influenza A virus from fomites by hand and the impact of inanimate surface contamination on transmission should be performed, as this study demonstrates prolonged persistence on nonporous surfaces. IMPORTANCEThis study tested the ability of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains to persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces under various environmental conditions. It demonstrated that influenza A (H1N1) viruses can persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces for 7 days. Additional studies should be conducted to assess the role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of influenza A virus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces

Perry

Coulliette

Rose

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Bean (21). All three studies came to a similar conclusion that influenza A viruses show reductions in infectivity within 24 to 48 h. An additional study examined the persistence of various influenza A viruses on bank notes and found that influenza virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2) remained infectious for up to 3 days and had increased survival in respiratory secretions (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Persistence of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on N95 Respirators

Coulliette

Perry

Edwards

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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times (4, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 144 h). pH1N1 was distributed onto N95 coupons (3.8 to 4.2 cm 2 ) and extracted by a vortex-centrifugation-filtration process, and the ability of the remaining virus to replicate was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the log 10 concentration of the infectious virus per coupon. Overall, pH1N1 remained infectious for 6 days, with an approximately 1-log 10 loss of virus concentrations over this time period. Time and AH both affected virus survival. We found significantly higher (P < 0.01) reductions in virus concentrations at time points beyond 24 to 72 h (؊0.52-log 10 reduction) and 144 h (؊0.74) at AHs of 6.5 ؋ 10 5 mPa (؊0.53) and 14.6 ؋ 10 5 mPa (؊0.47). This research supports discarding respirators after close contact with a person with suspected or confirmed influenza infection due to the virus's demonstrated ability to persist and remain infectious.

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“…The virus could be easily transferred from contaminated PPE to the skin when the PPE is removed from healthcare workers,10 which may greatly increase the risk of contact transmission. It has also been documented that influenza virus can survive on a wide variety of surfaces including non‐woven fabrics 11, 12, 13, 14, 15…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Zuo

Abin

Chander

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundTo experimentally determine the survival kinetics of influenza virus on personal protective equipment (PPE) and to evaluate the risk of virus transfer from PPE, it is important to compare the effects on virus recovery of the method used to contaminate the PPE with virus and the type of eluent used to recover it.MethodsAvian influenza virus (AIV) was applied as a liquid suspension (spike test) and as an aerosol to three types of non‐woven fabrics [polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET), and polyamide (Nylon)] that are commonly used in the manufacture of PPE. This was followed by virus recovery using eight different eluents (phosphate‐buffered saline, minimum essential medium, and 1·5% or 3·0% beef extract at pH 7, 8, or 9).ResultsFor spike tests, no statistically significant difference was found in virus recovery using any of the eluents tested. Hydrophobic surfaces (PP and PET) yielded higher spiked virus recovery than hydrophilic Nylon. From all materials, the virus recovery was much lower in aerosol challenge tests than in spike tests.ConclusionsSignificant differences were found in the recovery of viable AIV from non‐woven fabrics between spike and aerosol challenge tests. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for realistic aerosol challenge tests rather than liquid spike tests in studies of virus survival on surfaces where airborne transmission of influenza virus may get involved.

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Survival of Influenza Virus on Banknotes

Cited by 158 publications

References 21 publications

Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces

Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces

Persistence of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on N95 Respirators

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

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