Survival of human coronavirus 229E at different temperatures on various food-contact surfaces and food and under simulated digestive conditions

Lee, Eun Ji; Han, Sung-Hyun; Hyun, Seok-Woo; Song, Gyeong Bae; Ha, Sang‐Do

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112014

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, the gastric pH, the presence of gastric fluid, and pepsin did not contribute to further reduction in TV infectivity other than what was shown with the effect of time and temperature. Previous studies utilizing commercial biorelevant digestive fluids showed high stability of enteric viruses, such as rotavirus and enteroviruses, in these fluids that were not supplemented with digestive enzymes or used consecutively [31,32]. Interestingly, when the fluids were used consecutively, we observed by the end of the intestinal phase that there was significantly less cumulative inactivation in TV infectivity as compared to the oral phase alone (Figure 5A).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Human Norovirus Surrogate Is Highly Stable in Berry Smoothies and under In Vitro Simulated Digestion

Hooda,

Esseili

2024

Foods

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Human noroviruses are major causes of foodborne outbreaks linked to berries. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the persistence of a human norovirus surrogate, Tulane virus (TV), in berry smoothies and under simulated digestion through the gastrointestinal track. Two types of smoothies were prepared from blueberries and strawberries. Tulane virus was spiked into each smoothie and incubated either at 37 or 4 °C for 2, 60, and 120 min. Furthermore, the virus-spiked smoothies were subjected to sequential oral (2 min), gastric (10 and 60 min), and intestinal (15 and 120 min) digestion according to the standardized INFOGEST model. Quantification of infectious TV was carried out using the TCID50 assay. At 4 °C, in both berry smoothies, TV infectivity did not show significant changes throughout the 120 min period. At 37 °C, TV infectivity showed significant reduction (~0.5 log TCID50/mL) only in blueberry smoothies starting at 60 min. During the oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion phases, the mean log reduction in TV infectivity in blueberry did not exceed ~0.5 log, while infectious TV in strawberry smoothies under all phases was stable. Given the notable stability of infectious viruses in berry smoothies and the gastrointestinal tract, prevention of norovirus contamination of berries is paramount to reduce virus outbreaks linked to berries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Human Norovirus Surrogate Is Highly Stable in Berry Smoothies and under In Vitro Simulated Digestion

Hooda,

Esseili

2024

Foods

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“…The Reflux Theory, on the other hand, suggests that gastric refluxate is aspirated which causes the airways to become damaged and inflamed exacerbating the damaging effects caused by COVID-19 [ 60 ]. In an early pandemic study it was shown that 6 of 13 critically ill patients had gastric fluid that was PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 [ 61 ] and SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids between pH 3–7 [ 62 ]. The reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach is a physiological process which mainly occurs after a meal [ 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of extraesophageal reflux and potential microaspiration in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Jordan

Al-Momani,

Mashal,

Al Balawi

et al. 2023

BMC Pulm Med

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Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lung infection has represented a global challenge. Intriguingly, it has been shown that the alveolar lung epithelium expresses little Angiotensin Converting Enzyme receptor protein (ACE2), the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Upper airway establishment of infection and translocation to the lung is well documented but other anatomical niches may be relevant to potentially serious lung infection. ACE2 is heavily expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and gastrointestinal symptoms support a clinical diagnosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This suggests a research question and the need to gather patient data exploring potential aerodigestive links in SARS-CoV-2 tranlocation and infection which may be relevant in the peripheral lung. This recognizes anatomical proximity and concepts of bi-directional movement between the Gastrointestinal and lung systems in normal physiology and disease. We have therefore explored the potential for gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) micro aspiration and aeorodigestive pathophysiology in a novel prospective investigation of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods This is a prospective descriptive cohort study of 210 patients who were hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. The cohort was divided into three groups of patients based on symptom severity and radiological results. The Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) was used to evaluate the presence and severity of GOR. An RSI greater than 13 is considered to be abnormal. Patients’ saliva samples were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the level of salivary pepsin among the cohort of patients. Results A total of 210 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in the study with 55.2% (116/210) classified as mildly ill, 31.9% (67/210) moderately ill and 12.9% (27/210) as severely ill. 34% (72/210) of the patients had an RSI score of over 13 and a median salivary pepsin value of 54 ± 29 ng/ml which suggested an incidence of extraesophageal reflux (EOR) in around a third of patients. The presence of respiratory comorbid conditions, an RSI score of over 13 and a salivary pepsin level of > 76ng/ml increased the risk of developing a more severe COVID-19 infection. Conclusion The study showed a high prevalence of EOR among the study cohort and provide the first prospective evidence suggesting the potential for aerodigestive pathophysiology including microaspiration in COVID-19 disease. We believe that the results of our study support the need for more extensive research.

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“…This study used HCoV-229E strain as a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate because SARS-CoV-2 experiment is not allowed in the general biosafety level 2 (BSL 2) laboratory (Jung et al, 2023 ; Lee et al, 2022 ; Owen et al, 2021 ). As they have similar properties and sensitivities to the external environment, such as pH, temperature, and humidity (Jung et al, 2023 ; Lee et al, 2022 ), the removal efficiency of the 90 model dishwasher against HCoV-229E may imply the elimination of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Removal Efficiency of Murine Norovirus 1, Hepatitis A Virus, and Human Coronavirus 229E on Dish Surfaces Through General Wash Program of Household Dishwasher

et al. 2023

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The performance of dishwashers in removing live viruses is an important informative value in practical applications. Since foodborne viruses are present in contaminated food surfaces and water environments. Insufficient washing of dishes typically makes a carrier of foodborne viruses. Dishwashers have shown excellent performance in removing bacterial pathogens, but very limited reports related to eliminate foodborne viruses on contaminated dish surfaces. Here, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) were experimentally inoculated on the dish surfaces (plate, rice bowl, and soup bowl). Plaque assay, 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID 50 ), and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were conducted to determine their removal efficiency of them through the general wash program of household dishwashers. Using titration assay, MNV-1 and HAV were reduced by 7.44 and 6.57 log10 PFU/dish, and HCoV-229E was reduced by 6.43 log10 TCID 50 /dish through the general wash program, achieving a ≥ 99.999% reduction, respectively. Additionally, RT-qPCR results revealed that viral RNA of MNV-1 and HCoV-229E reduced 5.02 and 4.54 log10 genome copies/dish; in contrast, HAV was not detected on any dish surfaces. This study confirmed the performance of household dishwashers in removing pathogenic live viruses through the general wash program. However, residual viral RNA was not sufficiently removed. Further studies are needed to determine whether the viral RNA can be sufficiently removed using combination programs in household dishwashers. Graphical Abstract

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Survival of human coronavirus 229E at different temperatures on various food-contact surfaces and food and under simulated digestive conditions

Cited by 6 publications

References 64 publications

Human Norovirus Surrogate Is Highly Stable in Berry Smoothies and under In Vitro Simulated Digestion

Human Norovirus Surrogate Is Highly Stable in Berry Smoothies and under In Vitro Simulated Digestion

A prospective study of extraesophageal reflux and potential microaspiration in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Jordan

Assessing the Removal Efficiency of Murine Norovirus 1, Hepatitis A Virus, and Human Coronavirus 229E on Dish Surfaces Through General Wash Program of Household Dishwasher

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