Survival of F-RNA coliphages and three bacterial indicators during wastewater chlorination and transport in estuarine waters

Armon, Robert; Cabelli, Victor J.; Duncanson, R.

doi:10.1007/bf02841398

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Also, given the significant costs of such upgrades and current absence of regulatory controls on viruses in wastewater discharges, investment in tertiary treatment may be considered unjustifiable unless significant human health risk or benefit can be demonstrated. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have reported a 1.84–5 log 10 reduction in viral titre (Armon et al 2007 ; Doré et al 2013 ). Modelling suggested that UV treatment results in a ~2 log 10 reduction (Aquatic Water Services Ltd. 2014 ).…”

Section: Nov Abundance and Distribution In Estuarine And Coastal Watementioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We review the risk of norovirus (NoV) infection to the human population from consumption of contaminated shellfish. From a UK perspective, risk is apportioned for different vectors of NoV infection within the population. NoV spreads mainly by person-to-person contact or via unsanitary food handling. NoV also enters the coastal zone via wastewater discharges resulting in contamination of shellfish waters. Typically, NoV persists in the marine environment for several days, with its presence strongly linked to human population density, wastewater discharge rate, and efficacy of wastewater treatment. Shellfish bioaccumulate NoV and current post-harvest depuration is inefficient in its removal. While NoV can be inactivated by cooking (e.g. mussels), consumption of contaminated raw shellfish (e.g. oysters) represents a risk to human health. Consumption of contaminated food accounts for 3–11% of NoV cases in the UK (~74,000 cases/year), of which 16% are attributable to oyster consumption (11,800 cases/year). However, environmental and human factors influencing NoV infectivity remain poorly understood. Lack of standard methods for accurate quantification of infective and non-infective (damaged) NoV particles represent a major barrier, hampering identification of an appropriate lower NoV contamination limit for shellfish. Future management strategies may include shellfish quality assessment (at point of harvest or at point of supply) or harvesting controls. However, poor understanding of NoV inactivation in shellfish and the environment currently limits accurate apportionment and risk assessment for NoV and hence the identification of appropriate shellfish or environmental quality standards.

show abstract

Section: Nov Abundance and Distribution In Estuarine And Coastal Watementioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Tree et al [ 74 ], observed that bacterial indicators Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were rapidly inactivated by chlorine with inactivation levels of (>5 log 10 units) while there was poor inactivation (0.2 to 1.0 log 10 unit) of F + -specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage (MS2) at doses of 8, 16, and 30 mg/liter of free chlorine. Armon et al [ 75 ] also showed that the inactivation levels of naturally occurring coliphages were significantly lower than that of coliforms after chlorination. With regards to UV radiation, enteric adenoviruses have also been shown to be more resistant than bacterial spores [ 76 ].…”

Section: Resistance Of Enteric Viruses To Disinfectantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inadequately Treated Wastewater as a Source of Human Enteric Viruses in the Environment

Okoh

Sibanda

Gusha

2010

IJERPH

231

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human enteric viruses are causative agents in both developed and developing countries of many non-bacterial gastrointestinal tract infections, respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, hepatitis and other more serious infections with high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals such as meningitis, encephalitis and paralysis. Human enteric viruses infect and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts and are released in large quantities in the stools of infected individuals. The discharge of inadequately treated sewage effluents is the most common source of enteric viral pathogens in aquatic environments. Due to the lack of correlation between the inactivation rates of bacterial indicators and viral pathogens, human adenoviruses have been proposed as a suitable index for the effective indication of viral contaminants in aquatic environments. This paper reviews the major genera of pathogenic human enteric viruses, their pathogenicity and epidemiology, as well as the role of wastewater effluents in their transmission.

show abstract

“…In order to assess the usefulness of viral indicators and to collect quantitative information necessary for risk assessment of water quality and water disinfection processes, investigations on the survival characteristics of some phages have been conducted (9,10). However, most of these studies have investigated the impact of only one stressor on the survival characteristics of phage indicators (1), or employed one phage strain as a surrogate to determine the effect of environmental or processing stresses on viral survival or activity (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Persistence of Subgroups of F-Specific RNA Phages in River Water

Yang

Griffiths

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

F-specific (F؉) RNA phages are widely used as indicators for the presence of fecal contamination and/or enteric viruses in water, and identifying subgroups of F؉ RNA phages provides an approach for microbial source tracking. Different survival characteristics of the F؉ RNA phage subgroups result in a misinterpretation of their original proportion in water, thus giving misleading information when they are used for microbial source tracking. This study investigated the comparative persistence of subgroups of F؉ RNA phages in river water under different conditions. Results suggested that temperature and pH are the major factors affecting the persistence of F؉ RNA phages in river water, and organic substances promote phage survival. The comparative persistence patterns of subgroups of F؉ RNA phages varied and may bias extrapolation of their initial proportions in surface water. Thus, the characteristics of water should be taken into consideration and the results should be carefully interpreted when F؉ RNA phages are used for microbial source tracking. F-specific (Fϩ) RNA phages are a group of single-stranded RNA bacteriophages belonging to the family Leviviridae (1, 2); they infect host bacteria by absorbing to and injecting RNA through sex pili on the surfaces of the cells (3). Fϩ RNA phages are divided into four subgroups according to their serology and phylogeny (4) and have been recommended as indicators for the presence of viral pathogens and fecal contamination, since they are similar to enteric viruses in genomic and physical properties, they are transmitted by the fecal-oral route as are enteric viruses, and their presence is highly correlated to viral contamination in various water types (3, 5). An interesting phenomenon is that subgroups II and III are generally of human origin and subgroups I and IV are predominantly isolated from animal feces (6, 7). This provides the potential to distinguish fecal contamination of human or animal origin.Phage groups differ in their resistances to environmental stressors and exhibit various persistences in aquatic environments (8), which may bias the relative prevalence of different phage groups in aquatic environments, thus leading to potential errors in the assessment of water quality. In order to assess the usefulness of viral indicators and to collect quantitative information necessary for risk assessment of water quality and water disinfection processes, investigations on the survival characteristics of some phages have been conducted (9, 10). However, most of these studies have investigated the impact of only one stressor on the survival characteristics of phage indicators (1), or employed one phage strain as a surrogate to determine the effect of environmental or processing stresses on viral survival or activity (11). Little information is currently available about the differential persistence among the four subgroups of Fϩ RNA bacteriophages in surface water, a main source of water for irrigation. Differential persistence of subgroups of Fϩ RNA phages may bias th...

show abstract

Survival of F-RNA coliphages and three bacterial indicators during wastewater chlorination and transport in estuarine waters

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective

Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective

Inadequately Treated Wastewater as a Source of Human Enteric Viruses in the Environment

Comparative Persistence of Subgroups of F-Specific RNA Phages in River Water

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About